22
Adjectives
You have already learned Greek nouns and pronouns. This lesson introduces a closely-related category of words: the ADJECTIVE.
Adjectives describe or further define nouns (and pronouns). An adjective must agree with its noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE. Like definite articles and pronouns, therefore, adjectives must have forms to represent each possible combination of gender, number and case.
Greek adjectives are formed using the SAME THREE DECLENSIONS – and the SAME PERSISTENT ACCENT RULES – that are used by Greek nouns. Furthermore, just as each noun belongs to a particular declension, each adjective belongs to a specific declension family or grouping. There are four main declension families:
- Three-Ending 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives (2-1-2)
- Two-Ending 2nd Declension Adjectives (2-2)
- Two-Ending 3rd Declension Adjectives (3-3)
- Three-Ending 1st and 3rd Declension Adjectives (3-1-3)
In order to make clear the declension family to which a given adjective belongs, each is listed with all of its NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms in a vocabulary entry or lexicon. For example:
- Nominative singular forms in –ος, –η (-ᾱ), –ον
- Three-Ending 1st and 2nd Declension Adjective (2-1-2)
- Nominative singular forms in –ος, –ον
- Two-Ending 2nd Declension Adjective (2-2)
- Nominative singular forms in –ς, —
- Two-Ending 3rd Declension Adjective (3-3)
- Nominative singular forms in –ς, –α, —
- Three-Ending 1st and 3rd Declension Adjectives (3-1-3)
In this lesson, we review the most common type of adjective: Three-Ending 1st and 2nd Declension (2-1-2)
Three-Ending Adjectives: 1st and 2nd Declension (2-1-2)
The vast majority of adjectives use MASCULINE and NEUTER 2nd DECLENSION endings when modifying nouns of these genders, and 1st DECLENSION endings when modifying FEMININE nouns. This pattern is similar to that used by the pronouns such as αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό and ἐκεῖνος ἐκείνη ἐκεῖνο, though with –ον in the nominative/accusative singular of the neuter.
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν good, brave, noble (S 287; GPH p. 21)
Singular:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | ἀγαθός | ἀγαθή | ἀγαθόν |
| Genitive | ἀγαθοῦ | ἀγαθῆς | ἀγαθοῦ |
| Dative | ἀγαθῷ | ἀγαθῇ | ἀγαθῷ |
| Accusative | ἀγαθόν | ἀγαθήν | ἀγαθόν |
Plural:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | ἀγαθοί | ἀγαθαί | ἀγαθά |
| Genitive | ἀγαθῶν | ἀγαθῶν | ἀγαθῶν |
| Dative | ἀγαθοῖς | ἀγαθαῖς | ἀγαθοῖς |
| Accusative | ἀγαθούς | ἀγαθάς | ἀγαθά |
Stems in –ε, –ι or –ρ
If the stem of the adjective ends in –ε, –ι or –ρ, the singular forms of the 1st DECLENSION change the –η– to –ᾱ-. Note that this change matches that of 1st DECLENSION NOUNS.
δίκαιος, -α , -ον just (S 287; GPH p. 22)
Singular:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | δίκαιος | δικαία | δίκαιον |
| Genitive | δικαίου | δικαίας | δικαίου |
| Dative | δικαίῳ | δικαίᾳ | δικαίῳ |
| Accusative | δίκαιον | δικαίαν | δίκαιον |
Plural:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | δίκαιοι | δίκαιαι | δίκαια |
| Genitive | δικαίων | δικαίων | δικαίων |
| Dative | δικαίοις | δικαίαις | δικαίοις |
| Accusative | δικαίους | δικαίας | δίκαια |
Big and Many
Two common adjectives of the 2-1-2 type show additional small changes:
- μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big
- πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (stem: μεγαλ-) big (S 311; GPH p. 34)
Singular:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | μέγας | μεγάλη | μέγα |
| Genitive | μεγάλου | μεγάλης | μεγάλου |
| Dative | μεγάλῳ | μεγάλῃ | μεγάλῳ |
| Accusative | μέγαν | μεγάλην | μέγα |
Plural:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | μεγάλοι | μεγάλαι | μεγάλα |
| Genitive | μεγάλων | μεγάλων | μεγάλων |
| Dative | μεγάλοις | μεγάλαις | μεγάλοις |
| Accusative | μεγάλους | μεγάλας | μεγάλα |
Note that except for the singular forms μέγας, μέγαν, and μέγα, the adjective declines as a regular 2-1-2 adjective.
πολύς, πολλή, πολύ (stem: πολλ-) much, many (S 311; GPH p. 33)
Singular:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | πολύς | πολλή | πολύ |
| Genitive | πολλοῦ | πολλῆς | πολλοῦ |
| Dative | πολλῷ | πολλῇ | πολλῷ |
| Accusative | πολύν | πολλήν | πολύ |
Plural:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | πολλοί | πολλαί | πολλά |
| Genitive | πολλῶν | πολλῶν | πολλῶν |
| Dative | πολλοῖς | πολλαῖς | πολλοῖς |
| Accusative | πολλούς | πολλάς | πολλά |
Note that except for the singular forms πολύς, πολύν, and πολύ, the adjective declines as a regular 2-1-2 adjective.
Contract Adjectives
A handful of adjectives that end in –εος, –εα, –εον contract in Attic Greek, producing the endings –ους, –η, –ουν (S 290). There is one example from our vocabulary list:
χαλκοῦς -ῆ -οῦν (stem: χαλκέ-) bronze
Singular:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | χαλκοῦς | χαλκῆ | χαλκοῦν |
| Genitive | χαλκοῦ | χαλκῆς | χαλκοῦ |
| Dative | χαλκῷ | χαλκῇ | χαλκῷ |
| Accusative | χαλκοῦν | χαλκῆν | χαλκοῦν |
Plural:
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | χαλκοῖ | χαλκαῖ | χαλκᾶ |
| Genitive | χαλκῶν | χαλκῶν | χαλκῶν |
| Dative | χαλκοῖς | χαλκαῖς | χαλκοῖς |
| Accusative | χαλκοῦς | χαλκᾶς | χαλκᾶ |
Forming the Vocative of Adjectives
ADJECTIVES FORM THE VOCATIVE JUST AS NOUNS DO (See again Chapter 7)
Note the following examples:
- παραδίδως, ὦ κακὲ βασιλεῦ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Evil king, you are betraying your country.
- κακός (nom.) → κακέ (voc.)
- βασιλεύς (nom.) → βασιλεῦ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ κακὴ βασίλεια, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Evil queen, you are betraying your country.
- κακή (nom.) → κακή (voc.)
- βασίλεια (nom.) → βασίλεια (voc.)
Usage
Depending on its placement, a Greek adjective has three possible functions.
1. Attributive Position
Greek adjectives describe nouns when they are in the attributive position:
- ὁ κακὸς βασιλεύς
- the bad king
- ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός
- the bad king
- βασιλεὺς ὁ κακός
- the bad king
- κακὸς βασιλεύς
- a bad king
Note that while the adjective modifies its noun in gender, number, and case, it does not necessarily modify the noun in declension! βασιλεύς is 3rd Declension, but κακός is 2nd Declension.
2. Predicate Position
Outside the attributive position, Greek adjectives function as predicates to the noun:
- ὁ βασιλεύς κακός.
- The king (is) bad.
- αἱ θλίψεις ποιοῦσι τὸν βασιλέα κακόν.
- Troubles make the king bad.
3. Stand Alone (Substantive)
Greek routinely uses adjectives substantively:
- ὁ κακός
- the bad man, the bad person
- κακός
- a bad man, a bad person
- οἱ κακοί
- the bad men, the bad people
If the definite article is neuter singular – or occasionally neuter plural – the substantive can serve as an abstract noun:
- τὸ κακόν
- the bad thing; evil
- τὸ ἄδικον
- the unjust thing; injustice
- τὸ καλόν
- the beautiful; beauty
– τὸ τέλος –
Paradigms, Key Terms and Concepts
- Chapter Paradigms
- THE FOUR ADJECTIVE DECLENSION FAMILIES
- ADJECTIVES WITH STEMS IN –ε, –ι OR –ρ
- CONTRACT ADJECTIVES
- ADJECTIVES IN ATTRIBUTIVE POSITION
- ADJECTIVES IN PREDICATE POSITION
- ADJECTIVES AS SUBSTANTIVES
- ADJECTIVES AS ABSTRACT NOUNS
Vocabulary List 1
1st and 2nd Declension (2-1-2)
- ἀγαθός -ή -όν good, brave, noble
- αἰσχρός -ά -όν ugly, disgraceful
- αἴτιος -α -ον responsible, guilty
- ἄλλος -η -ο other (note that the neuter nom./acc. sg. form is ἄλλο, not ἄλλον, parallel to the article and the pronouns)
- ἀμφότερος -α -ον both
- ἄξιος -α -ον worthy
- ἄριστος -η -ον best
- δεινός -ή -όν awesome, terrible
- δῆλος -η -ον clear, visible
- δίκαιος -α -ον just
- δυνατός -ή -όν able
- ἕκαστος -η -ον each
- ἑκάτερος -α -ον each of two
- ἐλεύθερος -α -ον free
- ἐμός -ή -όν my, mine
- ἐναντίος -α -ον opposite
- ἕτερος -α -ον other
- ἐχθρός -ά -όν hated, hostile
- ἡμέτερος -α -ον our
- θεῖος -α -ον divine
- ἴδιος -α -ον one’s own, private
- ἱερός -ά -όν holy, sacred
- ἱκανός -ή -όν sufficient
- ἴσος -η -ον equal to (+ dat.)
- ἰσχυρός -ά -όν strong
- κακός -ή -όν bad, cowardly
- καλός -ή -όν beautiful, noble
- κοινός -ή -όν common
- λαμπρός -ά -όν bright, brilliant, famous
- λοιπός -ή -όν remaining
Vocabulary List 2
1st and 2nd Declension (2-1-2)
- μακρός -ά -όν long, tall, large
- μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα big
- μέσος -η -ον middle
- μικρός -ά -όν small, little, short
- μόνος -η -ον alone, single
- μυρίος -α -ον countless thousands
- νέος -α -ον young, new
- οἰκεῖος -α -ον domestic, one’s own
- ὀλίγος -η -ον few, little, small
- ὅλος -η -ον whole, complete
- ὅμοιος -α -ον like, resembling
- ὀρθός -ή -όν straight, true, regular
- παλαιός -ά -όν old
- πλεῖστος -η -ον most, largest
- ποῖος -α -ον what sort of?
- πολέμιος -α -ον hostile
- πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, many
- πονηρός -ά -όν worthless, bad; painful
- πότερος -α -ον which of the two?
- πρότερος -α -ον before, earlier
- ῥᾴδιος -α -ον easy
- σός -ή -όν your, yours (sing.)
- σοφός -ή -όν wise
- ὑμέτερος -α -ον your, yours (pl.)
- ὕστερος -α -ον following, next, later
- φανερός -ά -όν clear, evident
- φίλος -η -ον beloved, dear
- χαλεπός -ή -όν difficult
- χαλκοῦς -ῆ -οῦν bronze
- χρήσιμος -η -ον useful
Exercises
Ι. Memorize the vocabulary.
ΙΙ. Decline in full the following adjectives. Watch the accents!
- θεῖος -α -ον
- ἴδιος -α -ον
- ὅλος -η -ον
- αἰσχρός -ά -όν
- ἄλλος -η -ον
IΙΙ. Decline each noun/adjective pair in full. Remember that an adjective must agree with its noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.
- Much time
- Big contest
- Clear night
- Bronze weapon
- Wise advice
IV. Render each of these abstractions into Greek using a definite article and an adjective.
- Goodness
- Hostility
- Difficulty
- Public affairs
- The rest