Appendix 2: Dietary Reference Intake Tables
Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for Water Soluble Vitamins
Age (yr) |
Thiamin (mg)
RDA |
Riboflavin (mg) RDA |
Niacin (mg) RDA |
Pantothenic acid (mg) AI |
Vitamin B6 (mg) RDA |
Biotin (mcg) |
Folate (mcg) RDA |
Vitamin B12 (mcg) RDA |
Vitamin C (mg) RDA |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
2 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
5 |
65 |
0.4 |
40 |
0.5-1 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
4 |
1.8 |
0.3 |
6 |
80 |
0.5 |
50 |
Children |
1-3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
6 |
2 |
0.5 |
8 |
150 |
0.9 |
15 |
4-8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
8 |
3 |
0.6 |
12 |
200 |
1.2 |
25 |
9-13 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
12 |
4 |
1.0 |
20 |
300 |
1.8 |
45 |
Males |
14-18 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
5 |
1.3 |
25 |
400 |
2.4 |
75 |
19-30 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
5 |
1.3 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
90 |
31-50 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
5 |
1.3 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
90 |
51-70 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
5 |
1.7 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
90 |
> 70 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
16 |
5 |
1.7 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
90 |
Females |
14-18 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
14 |
5 |
1.2 |
25 |
400 |
2.4 |
65 |
19-30 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
5 |
1.3 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
75 |
31-50 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
5 |
1.3 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
75 |
51-70 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
5 |
1.5 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
75 |
> 70 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
14 |
5 |
1.5 |
30 |
400 |
2.4 |
75 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
6 |
1.9 |
30 |
600 |
2.6 |
80 |
19-30 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
6 |
1.9 |
30 |
600 |
2.6 |
85 |
31-50 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
18 |
6 |
1.9 |
30 |
600 |
2.6 |
85 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
17 |
7 |
1.9 |
35 |
500 |
2.8 |
115 |
19-30 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
17 |
7 |
1.9 |
35 |
500 |
2.8 |
120 |
31-50 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
17 |
7 |
1.9 |
35 |
500 |
2.8 |
120 |
Table 2: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for Fat Soluble Vitamins and Choline
Age (yr) |
Vitamin A (mg) RDA |
Vitamin D (mcg) RDA |
Vitamin E (mg) RDA |
Vitamin K (mcg) AI |
Choline (mg) AI |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
400 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
125 |
0.5-1 |
500 |
10 |
5 |
2.5 |
150 |
Children |
1-3 |
300 |
15 |
6 |
30 |
200 |
4-8 |
400 |
15 |
7 |
55 |
250 |
9-13 |
600 |
15 |
11 |
60 |
375 |
Males |
14-18 |
900 |
15 |
15 |
75 |
550 |
19-30 |
900 |
15 |
15 |
120 |
550 |
31-50 |
900 |
15 |
15 |
120 |
550 |
51-70 |
900 |
15 |
15 |
120 |
550 |
> 70 |
900 |
20 |
15 |
120 |
550 |
Females |
14-18 |
700 |
15 |
15 |
75 |
400 |
19-30 |
700 |
15 |
15 |
90 |
425 |
31-50 |
700 |
15 |
15 |
90 |
425 |
51-70 |
700 |
15 |
15 |
90 |
425 |
> 70 |
700 |
20 |
15 |
790 |
425 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
750 |
15 |
15 |
75 |
450 |
19-30 |
770 |
15 |
15 |
90 |
450 |
31-50 |
770 |
15 |
15 |
90 |
450 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
1,200 |
15 |
19 |
75 |
550 |
19-30 |
1,300 |
15 |
19 |
90 |
550 |
31-50 |
1,300 |
15 |
19 |
90 |
550 |
Table 3: Tolerable Upper Limits (UL) for Vitamins
Age (yr) |
Niacin (mg) |
Vitamin B6 (mg) |
Folate (mcg) |
Vitamin C (mg) |
Vitamin A (mg) |
Vitamin D (mcg) |
Vitamin E (mg) |
Choline (mg) |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
― |
― |
― |
― |
600 |
25 |
― |
― |
0.5-1 |
― |
― |
― |
― |
600 |
38 |
― |
― |
Children |
1-3 |
10 |
30 |
300 |
400 |
600 |
63 |
200 |
1,000 |
4-8 |
15 |
40 |
400 |
650 |
900 |
75 |
300 |
1,000 |
Adolescents |
9-13 |
20 |
60 |
600 |
1,200 |
1,700 |
100 |
600 |
2,000 |
14-18 |
30 |
80 |
800 |
1,800 |
2,800 |
100 |
800 |
3,000 |
Adults |
19-70 |
35 |
100 |
1,000 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
100 |
1,000 |
3,500 |
> 70 |
35 |
100 |
1,000 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
100 |
1,000 |
3,500 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
35 |
80 |
800 |
1,800 |
2,800 |
100 |
800 |
3,000 |
19-50 |
35 |
100 |
1,000 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
100 |
1,000 |
3,500 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
30 |
80 |
800 |
1,800 |
2,800 |
100 |
800 |
3,000 |
19-50 |
35 |
100 |
1,000 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
100 |
1,000 |
3,500 |
Table 4: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for Major Minerals
Age (yr) |
Sodium (mg) AI |
Chloride (mg) AI |
Potassium (mg) AI |
Calcium (mg) RDA |
Phosphorus (mg) RDA |
Magnesium (mg) RDA |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
120 |
180 |
400 |
200 |
100 |
30 |
0.5-1 |
370 |
570 |
700 |
260 |
275 |
75 |
Children |
1-3 |
1,000 |
1,500 |
3,000 |
700 |
460 |
80 |
4-8 |
1,200 |
1,900 |
3,800 |
1,000 |
500 |
130 |
Males |
9-13 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,500 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
240 |
14-18 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
410 |
19-30 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
400 |
31-50 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
420 |
51-70 |
1,300 |
2,000 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
420 |
> 70 |
1,200 |
1,800 |
4700 |
1,200 |
700 |
420 |
Females |
9-13 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,500 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
240 |
14-18 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
360 |
19-30 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
310 |
31-50 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
320 |
51-70 |
1,300 |
2,000 |
4,700 |
1,200 |
700 |
320 |
> 70 |
1,200 |
1,800 |
4,700 |
1,200 |
700 |
320 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
400 |
19-30 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
350 |
31-50 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
4,700 |
1,000 |
700 |
360 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
5,100 |
1,300 |
1,250 |
360 |
19-30 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
5,100 |
1,000 |
700 |
310 |
31-50 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
5,100 |
1,000 |
700 |
320 |
Table 5: Tolerable Upper Limits (UL) for Major Minerals
Age (yr) |
Sodium (mg) |
Chloride (mg) |
Calcium (mg) |
Phosphorus (mg) |
Magnesium (mg) |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
― |
― |
1,000 |
― |
― |
0.5-1 |
― |
― |
1,500 |
― |
― |
Children |
1-3 |
1,500 |
2,300 |
2,500 |
3,000 |
65 |
4-8 |
1,900 |
2,900 |
2,500 |
3,000 |
110 |
Adolescents |
9-13 |
2,200 |
3,400 |
3,000 |
4,000 |
350 |
14-18 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
3,000 |
4,000 |
350 |
Adults |
19-70 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
2,000-2,500 |
4,000 |
350 |
> 70 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
2,000 |
3,000 |
350 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
3,000 |
3,500 |
350 |
19-50 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
2,500 |
3,500 |
350 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
3,000 |
4,000 |
350 |
19-50 |
2,300 |
3,600 |
2,500 |
4,000 |
350 |
Table 6: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for Trace Minerals
Age (yr) |
Iron (mg) RDA |
Zinc (mg) RDA |
Iodine (mcg) RDA |
Copper (mg) RDA |
Selenium (mcg) RDA |
Chromium (mcg) AI |
Manganese (mg) AI |
Molybdenum (mcg) RDA |
Fluoride (mg) AI |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
0.27 |
2 |
110 |
200 |
15 |
0.2 |
0.003 |
2 |
0.01 |
0.5-1 |
11 |
3 |
130 |
220 |
20 |
5.5 |
0.6 |
3 |
0.5 |
Children |
1-3 |
7 |
3 |
90 |
340 |
20 |
11 |
1.2 |
17 |
0.7 |
4-8 |
10 |
5 |
90 |
440 |
30 |
15 |
1.5 |
22 |
1 |
Males |
9-13 |
8 |
8 |
120 |
700 |
40 |
25 |
1.9 |
34 |
2 |
14-18 |
11 |
11 |
150 |
890 |
55 |
35 |
2.2 |
43 |
3 |
19-30 |
8 |
11 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
35 |
2.3 |
45 |
4 |
31-50 |
8 |
11 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
35 |
2.3 |
45 |
4 |
51-70 |
8 |
11 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
30 |
2.3 |
45 |
4 |
> 70 |
8 |
11 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
30 |
2.3 |
45 |
4 |
Females |
9-13 |
8 |
8 |
120 |
700 |
50 |
21 |
1.6 |
34 |
2 |
14-18 |
15 |
9 |
150 |
890 |
55 |
24 |
1.6 |
43 |
3 |
19-30 |
18 |
8 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
25 |
1.8 |
45 |
3 |
31-50 |
18 |
8 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
25 |
1.8 |
45 |
3 |
51-70 |
8 |
8 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
20 |
1.8 |
45 |
3 |
> 70 |
8 |
8 |
150 |
900 |
55 |
20 |
1.8 |
45 |
3 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
27 |
12 |
220 |
1,000 |
60 |
29 |
2.0 |
50 |
3 |
19-30 |
27 |
11 |
220 |
1,000 |
60 |
30 |
2.0 |
50 |
3 |
31-50 |
27 |
11 |
220 |
1,000 |
60 |
30 |
2.0 |
50 |
3 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
10 |
13 |
290 |
1,300 |
70 |
44 |
2.6 |
50 |
3 |
19-30 |
9 |
12 |
290 |
1,300 |
70 |
45 |
2.6 |
50 |
3 |
31-50 |
9 |
12 |
290 |
1,300 |
70 |
45 |
2.6 |
50 |
3 |
Table 7: Tolerable Upper Limits (UL) for Trace Minerals
Age (yr) |
Iron (mg) |
Zinc (mg) |
Iodine (mcg) |
Copper (mg) |
Selenium (mcg) |
Manganese (mg) |
Molybdenum (mcg) |
Fluoride (mg) |
Infants |
0-0.5 |
40 |
4 |
― |
― |
45 |
― |
― |
0.7 |
0.5-1 |
40 |
5 |
― |
― |
60 |
― |
― |
0.9 |
Children |
1-3 |
40 |
7 |
200 |
1,000 |
90 |
2 |
300 |
1.3 |
4-8 |
40 |
12 |
300 |
3,000 |
150 |
3 |
600 |
2.2 |
Adolescents |
9-13 |
40 |
23 |
600 |
5,00 |
280 |
6 |
1,100 |
10 |
14-18 |
45 |
24 |
900 |
8,00 |
400 |
9 |
1,700 |
10 |
Adults |
19-70 |
45 |
40 |
1,100 |
10,000 |
400 |
11 |
2,000 |
10 |
> 70 |
45 |
40 |
1,100 |
10,000 |
400 |
11 |
2,000 |
10 |
Pregnancy |
≤ 18 |
45 |
34 |
900 |
8,000 |
400 |
9 |
1,700 |
10 |
19-50 |
45 |
40 |
1,100 |
10,000 |
400 |
11 |
2,000 |
10 |
Lactation |
≤ 18 |
45 |
34 |
900 |
8,000 |
400 |
9 |
1,700 |
10 |
19-50 |
45 |
40 |
1,100 |
10,000 |
400 |
11 |
2,000 |
10 |
Table 8: Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
Macronutrient |
Children, 1-3 years |
Children, 4-18 years |
Adults, 19+ years |
Carbohydrate |
45-65% |
45-65% |
45-65% |
Fiber |
19 g/d |
25-38 g/d |
25-38 g/d |
Added Sugar |
≤ |
≤ |
≤ 25% |
Protein |
5-20% |
10-30% |
10-35% |
Fat |
30-40% |
25-35% |
20-35% |
Saturated Fat |
<10% |
<10% |
<10% |
Omega-6 |
5-10% |
5-10% |
5-10% |
Omega 3 |
0.6-12% |
0.6-12% |
0.6-12% |
Source: Adapted from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2011, and 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences.