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1.13 How and when Czech words change their forms
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Category* |
Nouns |
Adjectives |
Pronouns |
Numerals |
Verbs |
Adverbs |
Prepositions |
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Case |
Endings change based on function in sentence and prepositions. |
Endings change following the nouns it modifies and/or the adjective’s function in the sentence. |
Forms change depending on function, preposition or position in the sentence. |
Endings change |
Doesn’t change with case but determines what case nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals will take. |
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Never change their form but require nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numeral following them to change case. |
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Singular/ Plural |
Different ending for different numbers. |
Different ending for different numbers. |
Different form for different numbers. |
Different form for different numbers. |
Changes ending in the past, present and future tenses. |
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Gender |
Can belong to one of three genders (masculine*, feminine, neuter) |
Changes ending based on the gender of the noun it follows. |
Some change ending based on the gender of the noun it relates to. |
1, 2 and all ordinal numerals change ending based on the noun they count. |
Changes ending in the past tense only. |
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Palatalization |
Certain ending in certain cases soften the final consonant. |
Certain ending in certain cases soften the final consonant. |
Certain ending in certain cases soften the final consonant. |
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Person |
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1st (I), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, it) |
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Tense |
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Past, present, future. |
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Voice |
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Active and passive. |
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Aspect |
Some nouns formed from verbs reflect aspect. |
Some adjectives formed from verbs reflect aspect. |
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Perfective and imperfective. |
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Conditional |
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If I could, I would. |
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Superlatives/ Comparatives |
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bigger, biggest |
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more slowly, |
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* Outside this system lie Conjunctions (and, if, or), Interjections (ouch!) and Particles (thus) which never change their form or influence other words to change form. Note: Some pronouns function as conjunctions (who, which, whose – so called relative pronouns) and of course change their form with all the categories relevant to pronouns.
** Masculine nouns and adjectives can be either animate or inanimate thus in effect multiplying the number of genders to four.
