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Key Takeaways

1. Technologies are merely tools that can be used in a variety of ways. What matters more is how technologies are applied. The same technology can be applied in different ways, even or especially in education. So in judging the value of a technology, we need to look more closely at the ways in which it is being or could be used. In essence, this means focusing more on media – which represents the more holistic use of technologies – than on individual tools or technologies themselves, while still recognizing that technology is an essential component of almost all media.
2. By focusing on media rather than technologies, we can then include face-to-face teaching as a medium, enabling comparisons with more technology-based media to be made along a number of dimensions or characteristics.
3. Recognizing that in education media are usually used in combination, the six key building blocks of media are:
   1. face-to-face teaching
   2. text
   3. (still) graphics
   4. audio (including speech)
   5. video
   6. computing (including animation, simulations, and virtual reality)
4. Media differ in terms of their formats, symbols systems, and cultural values. These unique features are increasingly referred to as the affordances of media or technology. Different media can be used to assist learners to learn in different ways and achieve different outcomes, thus also individualizing learning more.
5. There are many dimensions along which some technologies are similar and others are different. By focusing on these dimensions, we have a basis for analyzing new media and technologies, to see where they fit within the existing landscape, and to evaluate their potential benefits or limitations for teaching and learning.
6. There are probably other characteristics or dimensions of educational media that might also be identified, but I believe these three key characteristics or dimensions to be the most important:
   1. broadcast vs communicative
   2. synchronous (live) vs asynchronous (recorded)
   3. single vs rich media
7. However, the identification of where a particular medium fits along any specific characteristic or dimension will depend in most cases on how that medium is designed.  At the same time, there is usually a limit to how far a technology can be forced along one of these dimensions; there is likely to be a single, natural position on each dimension, subject to good design, in terms of exploiting the educational affordances of the medium.
8. These characteristics or dimensions of media then need to be evaluated against the learning goals and outcomes desired, while recognizing that a new educational medium or application might enable goals to be achieved that had not been previously considered possible.
9. Over time, media have tended to become more communicative, asynchronous, and “rich,” thus offering teachers and learners more powerful tools for teaching and learning.
10. The Internet is an extremely powerful medium because through a combination of tools and media it can encompass all the characteristics and dimensions of educational media.