Chapter 23: Inferences in Reading Non-Fiction
Make inferences in reading
We can apply the same things we’ve been learning about drawing conclusions when we look at pictures or graphs to our reading comprehension. Making inferences in reading will combine our reading comprehension skills with our ability to make inferences. Making inferences is essential to being a strong reader. Authors cannot possibly tell you every single thing you need to know to follow the story or the essay. You will have to use your skills of drawing strong conclusions to help you understand the reading to the fullest. Here are some tips to help you make the leap from making inferences in pictures and graphs to making inferences in reading:
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Identify the details that are relevant to making an inference.
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Consider the important context.
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Make logical connections with your knowledge base.
Make inferences in reading non-fiction
Non-fiction is writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as biography or history. Making inferences in reading non-fiction is similar to making inferences in fiction, but you may need to shift your focus a little bit. The inferences we make in non-fiction will be based on the context of the reading, the facts presented in the reading, and the author’s perspective on the issue.
I set up my altar this week, pulling out the pictures of my dearly departed and adding new ones from this year. The first step is always laying out the cross-stitched mantle with years of stains and a dark mark from when a candle burned too hot. I tape papel picado above the altar, remembering this ritual is not a dirge; it is an opening of the veil to celebrate the lives that touched me and my comunidades. It is a time to think about why I miss them and ponder how to keep them alive in the present moment.
I imagine my dad’s disappointed spirit hovering over the Dodgers as they lost in the World Series. I invoke my mom’s stovetop magic as I figure out what to do with a bag of zucchini that must be cooked tonight. I remember the mothers who grieve their sons’ vibrant spirits every day, and I take a moment to send Snapchats to my beloved cuates.
Día de los Muertos is so ingrained in my being that I am startled to see people in costume; my mind wonders for a second, “What’s that all about?” This is amazing because I was so involved in Halloween while my children were growing up—making costumes, figuring out the healthiest candy to hand out, trading my children’s candy for money so they were not overloaded with sugar (and I could store their loot for the next Halloween).
In years past, I have hosted gatherings to decorate sugar skulls, loving this tradition of blending death with creativity. I treasured giving my children and their friends the chance to be playful and imaginative with something that so many people fear. As a writer, I live in that crevice of light and shadow, writing drafts only to end their existence for another version and then another and then yet another.
I love the transparency of life and death, the calaveras that dance and meditate and watch TV. Each skeleton could be anyone of us, and one day we will know what our antepasados experienced after their last out-breath. One day we will see there is no separation between any of us, alive and dead.
The first and only altar in my parents’ home was the one we created on a cake after my dad’s funeral, laying out the detallitos of his life that he allowed to be visible. The secrets were still within him, wisps of energy that over the years encircled us with cariño or strangled our voices or tripped us as we ran.
As I set up my altar year after year, I breathe in the musty smell of the newspapers I have carried from home to home. These crinkled papelitos wrap and unwrap memories and give space for those I loved and lost to whisper consejos in the stillness. I unbind my heart wounds and apply the salve gained from another year of living—that little bit more of perspective and wisdom nestled in my corazón that wraps around me like a soft, colorful rebozo.
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Linda González is the author of the memoir The Cost of Our Lives. She has published essays in literary journals and books, is a storyteller, and received her MFA from Goddard College. This essay is an excerpt from Endangered Species, Enduring Values: An Anthology of San Francisco Area Writers and Artists of Color, edited by Shizue Seigel, Pease Press, 2018. www.peasepress.com. It was published in Yes! Magazine, 31 October 2018.
Practice 23.1
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What significant event does the author remember every year as November 1 approaches?
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How does the author calculate the number of years since her father’s passing?
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What is the first step the author takes when setting up her altar?
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What tradition does the author mention involving sugar skulls?
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What does the author use to wrap and unwrap memories as she sets up her altar?
Practice 23.2
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Why might the author feel a strong connection to Día de los Muertos?
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What can be inferred about the author’s relationship with her father based on her reflections?
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How does the author’s involvement in Halloween contrast with her feelings about Día de los Muertos?
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What does the author mean by “the transparency of life and death”?
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How does the author use the act of setting up the altar to cope with her grief?
Attributions
Strengthening Reading and Comprehension by Audrey Cross and Katherine Sorenson is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
How I Celebrate Life on the Day of the Dead by Linda González is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Media Attributions
- “Día de Los Muertos Celebration” © greeleygov is licensed under a Public Domain license
(kŏn′tĕkst), n.
The circumstances or setting surrounding a word, event, or idea that give it meaning.
(dē-ah dā lōs mwĕr-tōs), n.
A Mexican holiday honoring deceased loved ones with celebrations, food, and altars.
(shoo-gər skŭlz), n.
Colorful, decorative candy skulls used in Día de los Muertos celebrations.
(kah-lah-veh-rahs), n.
Decorative or artistic representations of skulls, often associated with Día de los Muertos.
(ahn-tay-pah-sah-dōs), n.
Ancestors; those from previous generations in a family line.