Module 1: Additional Readings

Units 1 and 4: The Ethical and Methodological Challenges of Research in times of War / Displacement and Volunteering in time of war: a hybrid response to the situation of war and forced displacement

Andrews Josephine, Isański Jakub, Nowak Marek, Sereda Viktoria, Vacroux Alexandra, Vakhitova Hanna, (2023). Feminised forced migration: Ukrainian war refugees. Women Studies International Forum, 99, July–August 2023, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102756

Bohdan, Olena and Sereda, Viktoriya, (2024). National minorities in Ukraine: contextualizing challenges and searching for policy solutions. In Ukraine’s Minorities at War: Cultural Identity and Resilience. Elmira Muratova and Nadia Zasanska eds., 23-55, London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Minorities-at-War-Cultural-Identity-and-Resilience-in-Ukraine/Muratova-Zasanska/p/book/9781032730639

Charron, A., (2020). ‘Somehow, We Cannot Accept It’: Drivers of Internal Displacement from Crimea and the Forced/Voluntary Migration Binary, Europe-Asia Studies 72(3): 432-454, DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2019.1685649

Clark-Kazak C., (2021) Ethics in forced migration research: taking stock and potential ways forward. Journal on Migration and Human Security 9(3): 125–138.

Isański J., Michalski M.A., Nowak M., Sereda V., Vakhitova H., (2022). Social reception and inclusion of refugees from Ukraine. UKREF Research report ,1(2022), p.1-10. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.28450.91845

Kharchenko, N., Paniotto, V., Perverzyev, O., (2018). Up-to-date view on the crisis in survey methods and ways to overcome. In Ukrainian Sociology in the 21st Century. Theory, Methods. Research results. Eds. Vil Bakirov, Yevhen Golovakha. Kharkiv: V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, (2018), 173-190.

Klimenko Natasha, Bareikytė Migle, Sereda, Viktoriya (eds.), (2025). Images and Objects of the Russo-Ukraine War. Dossier. Bielefeld, Transkript.

Knott, E., (2019). Beyond the field: ethics after fieldwork in politically dynamic contexts. Perspectives on Politics, 17(1), 140-153.

Koval, Nadiia, Kulyk, Volodymyr, Riabchuk, Mykola, Zarembo, Kateryna & Marianna Fakhurdinova, (2022): Morphological Analysis of Narratives of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict in Western Academia and Think-Tank Community, Problems of Post-Communism, DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2021.2009348

Kuznetsova I, Mikheieva O., (2020). Forced Displacement from Ukraine’s War-Torn Territories: Intersectionality and Power Geometry. Nationalities Papers, 48(4):690-706. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.34.

McCombes, S., (2023, June 22). Sampling Methods | Types, Techniques & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved December 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/

Menjívar, C., (2023). State Categories, Bureaucracies of Displacement, and Possibilities from the Margins. American Sociological Review, 88(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221145727

Mikheieva, O., (2025). Mobilität, Migration, Flucht: Dynamiken inner – und außerhalb der Ukraine. In: Freiheitsschauplatz. Ein Gesellschaftsportrait der Ukraine. Herausgegeben von Dr. Susann Worschech. Nomos, 1. Auflage, 211-234.

Mikheieva, O., & Kuznetsova, I., (2024). War-time volunteering and population displacement: from spontaneous help to organised volunteering in post-2014 Ukraine. Voluntary Sector Review, 15 (1), 74-91, from https://doi.org/10.1332/20408056Y2023D000000009.

Mikheieva, Oksana., (2024). Wärme, Lachen und der Geruch von Brötchen: was für unfreiwillige Migrant*innen aus der Ukraine „Zuhause“ bedeutet. ZOiS Spotlight, Spotlight on Ukraine 10. https://www.zois-berlin.de/publikationen/zois-spotlight/waerme-lachen-und-der-geruch-von-broetchen-was-fuer-unfreiwillige-migrantinnen-aus-der-ukraine-zuhause-bedeutet

Mikheieva O., Jaroszewicz M., (2023). Editorial Introduction: Migration Dynamics, Trajectories and Policies in the Context of Russian Full-Scale Aggression against Ukraine. Central and Eastern European Migration Review 12(1): 115-126. DOI: 10.54667/ceemr.2023.16.

Mikheieva, O. and I. Kuznetsova, (2023). Internally displaced and immobile people in Ukraine between 2014 and 2022: Older age and disabilities as factors of vulnerability. Migration Research Series, 77. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Mikheieva, O., Sereda, Viktoria, and Kuzemska, Lidia, (2023). Internal and external migration during the war. In The Russian-Ukrainian War in Patronal Perspective: Structural Consequences in the Ukrainian Regime. Bálint Madlovics, Bálint Magyar (eds.), 199-229, Budapest: CEU Press. https://doi.org/10.7829/jj.3985460.13

Mikheieva O., (2020). Ordinary People under Extreme Life Conditions: War and Displacement in Contemporary Ukraine / Estela Schindel and Gabriel Gatti (eds.). Social Disappearance: Explorations Between Latin America and Eastern Europe. Dossiers Vol.1, 132-148, Berlin: Forum Transregionale Studien.

Morse J.M., (1991). Subjects, Respondents, Informants, and Participants? Qualitative Health Research. 1991;1(4):403-406. doi:10.1177/104973239100100401

Pool, H., (2024). Being invited. Ethics in participant-researcher relationships. Ethnography, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381241309711

Powell, Katrina, (2015). Identity and Power in Narratives of Displacement, (New York: Routledge).

Rosenberg, William L., (2024). Processes and Challenges Associated with Conducting Survey

Rosenberg, William L. (2024). Processes and Challenges Associated with Conducting Survey Research in Conflict Zones. Survey Practice 0(0). https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2023-0032.

Selman Kesgin, Mukesh Kapila, Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, Alexandra Boivin, Viktoria Sereda, (2023). “The Roundtable Discussion on Ukraine Crises and Humanitarian Action,” TRC Journal of Humanitarian Action, 2 (1), 79-93 https://doi.org/10.55280/trcjha.2023.2.1.0102

Sereda, Viktoriya, (2025). “Un decennio di migrazioni forzate dentro e fuori l’Ucraina”.In La Guerra d’indipendenza ucraina. Come il conflitto ha cambiato il Paese (2014-2024). Simone Attilio Bellezza, Oleksiy Bondarenko, Marco Puleri (ed.), 151-172. Brescia: Scholé, 2025.

Sereda, V., Mikheeva O., (2025). How (Not) to Study a War-Affected Society: Challenges of Knowledge Production in Ukraine and Elsewhere. Nationality Papers. (Spring 2025.)

Sereda, Viktoriya, Homanyuk, Mykola, (2024). “Consequences of War-Induced Displacement and the Shifting Cartography of Belonging of Ukraine’s Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks, Crimean Tatars, and Roma since 2014.” European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Volume 21 (2022). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 99-127. https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/70377

Sereda, Viktoriya (ed.) (2025). War, Migration and Memory. Perspectives on Russian war in Ukraine. Bielefeld, Transkript, https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839475874

Sereda, Viktoriya, (2023). Displacement in War-Torn Ukraine: State, Displacement and Belonging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009314473 ISBN: 9781009314473

Sereda, Viktoriya, Havrysh, Olena, Fischer, Jörg, Soliman, Kariem, (2022). Aus der Ukraine nach Thüringen geflohen Ergebnisse einer landesweiten Befragung. Erfurt: IKPE. 32 р. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14478.02884

Sereda, Viktoriya, (2020). “Social Distancing” and Hierarchies of Belonging: The Case of Displaced Population from Donbas and Crimea. Europe-Asia Studies, 72(3), 404-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1719043

Sereda, Viktoriya, (2020). ‘In Search of Belonging: Rethinking the Other in the Historical Memory of Ukrainian IDPs’, The Ideology and Politics Journal. 2(16), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2020.01.00014

Sereda Viktoriya, (2018). “I am a man and an active citizen… I did not betray my state!” Public activism and identity issues in Ukraine after Euromaidan. Revue d’études comparatives Est/Ouest, 49 (2), 93-130. DOI: 10.3917/receo1.492.0093

Vakhitova Hanna, Melnikova Julija, Isański Jakub, Dvorak Jaroslav, Espenberg Siim, Michalski Michał, Sereda Viktoriya, (2023). From the Source to Destination Countries: Central and Eastern Europe on the Move (as Usual). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Problems, 1-18, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Unit 3: Possibilities, Limitations and Politicization of Migration Data

Adema, Joop, and Maitreyee Guha, (2022). “Following the Online Trail of Ukrainian Refugees through Google Trends.” CESifo Forum. Vol. 23. https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/CESifo-Forum-2022-4-adema-guha-ukr-refugees-google-july.pdf.

Allen, William L., and Carlos Vargas‐Silva, eds. (2024). Handbook of Research Methods in Migration. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Andreas, Peter, and Kelly M. Greenhill, eds. (2010). Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts. The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict. Cornell University Press.

Bakewell, Oliver, (2008). “Research beyond the Categories: The Importance of Policy Irrelevant Research into Forced Migration.” Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (4): 432–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen042.

Bircan, Tuba, and Sinem Yilmaz, (2022). “A Critique of Gender-Blind Migration Theories and Data Sources.” International Migration 61: 170–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13088.

Cardona-Fox, Gabriel, (2020). “The Politics of IDP Data.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 39 (4): 620–33.

Dańko, Maciej J., Arkadiusz Wiśniowski, Domantas Jasilionis, Dmitri A. Jdanov, and Emilio Zagheni, (2023). “Assessing the Quality of Data on International Migration Flows in Europe: The Case of Undercounting.” MPIDR Working Paper, 1–18. https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/publications_databases_6118/publications_1904/mpidr_working_papers/assessing_the_quality_of_data_on_international_migration_flows_in_europe_the_case_of_undercounting_7791.

Dodevska, Iva, (2024). “The Production of ‘Evidence’ for Migrant Integration Policy in the European Union.” Migration Studies 12: 1–22.

Donato, Katharine, Jacobs Elizabeth, Singh Lisa, Arab Ali, and Wycoff Nathan, (2025). “Using Organic Data in Migration Research.” International Migration Review 59 (1): 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231193627.

Dumbrava, Costica, (2021). “Artificial Intelligence at EU Borders. Overview of Applications and Key Issues.” https://doi.org/10.2861/91831.

EGRISS. (2025). “International Recommendations on Statistics.” www.egrisstats.org.

Erdal, Marta Bivand, Marie Godin, Maisie Fitzmaurice, Jørgen Carling, and Elinor Karl, (2023). “The Determination of Migration through Focus Group Data.” https://www.mignex.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/d063-mbp-the-determination-of-migration-v1-2023-08-15.pdf.

Fransen, Sonja, and Hein de Haas, (2019). “The Volume and Geography of Forced Migration.” 156. The IMI Working Papers Series. https://heindehaas.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/fransen-and-de-haas-imi_final-4.pdf.

Fransen, Sonja, and Hein de Haas, (2022). “Trends and Patterns of Global Refugee Migration.” Population and Development Review 48 (1): 97–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12456.

Henerby, Jenna, Hari KC, and Kira Williams, (2021). “Gender and Migration Data. A Guide for Evidence-Based, Gender-Responsive Migration Governance.” IOM. https://doi.org/10.17583/hse.2017.2448.

Hutter, Swen, and Hanspeter Kriesi, (2021). “Politicising Immigration in Times of Crisis.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 0 (0): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853902.

IMPACT Initiatives. (2022). “Using Big Data and AI to Support the Ukraine Refugee Response.” https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/using-big-data-and-ai-support-ukraine-refugee-response-collaboration-between-impact-initiatives-and-data-good-meta.

IOM-UN Migration, (2021a). “How Countries Manage Migration Data. Evidence from Six Countries.” https://publications.iom.int/books/how-countries-manage-migration-data-evidence-six-countries

IOM-UN Migration, (2021b). “IOM Migration Data Strategy. Informing Policy and Action on Migration, Mobility and Displacement 2020-2025.” https://publications.iom.int/books/iom-migration-data-strategy-informing-policy-and-action-migration-mobility-and-displacement.

Joint Research Centre, (2022). “Data Innovation in Demography, Migration and Human Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges of Non-Traditional Data.” https://doi.org/10.2760/027157.

Kiyak, Sercan, David De Coninck, Stefan Mertens, and Leen d’Haenens, (2024). “From the Syrian to Ukrainian Refugee Crisis: Tracing the Changes in the Italian Twitter Discussions through Network Analysis.” Communications, no. August. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2024-0023.

Kraly, Ellen Percy, and Bela Hovy, (2020). “Data and Research to Inform Global Policy: The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration.” Comparative Migration Studies 8 (11): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0166-y.

Laczko, Frank, and Elisa Mosler Vidal, (2024). “70 Years of Trying to Improve Global Migration Statistics: Time for A New Approach (Part One).” COMPAS. https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/article/70-years-of-trying-to-improve-global-migration-statistics-time-for-a-new-approach-part-one.

Leese, Matthias, Simon Noori, and Stephan Scheel, (2021). “Data Matters: The Politics and Practices of Digital Border and Migration Management.” Geopolitics 00 (00): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1940538.

Leonardo, Miguel González, Ruth Neville, Sofía Gil Clavel, and Francisco Rowe, (2024). “Where Have Ukrainian Refugees Gone? Identifying Potential Settlement Areas across European Regions Integrating Digital and Traditional Geographic Data.” Popul Space Place e2790: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2790.

McAuliffe, Marie, Guy Abel, Adrian Kitimbo, and José Ignacio Martín Galán, (2022). Data, Design, and Deep Domain Knowledge: Science-Policy Collaboration to Combat Misinformation on Migration and Migrants. Harvard Data Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.b3353b93.

Migration Policy Centre, (2024). TikTokTrails: Decoding Migrant Smugglers’ Visual Narratives in Migration Advertising. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXYPB2WrK7E.

Minora, Umberto, Martina Belmonte, Claudio Bosco, Drew Johnston, Eugenia Giraudy, and Francesco Sermi, (2023). “The War in Ukraine and the Potential of Facebook’s Social Connectedness Index to Anticipate Human Displacement.” https://publications.iom.int/books/mrs-no-73-war-ukraine-and-potential-facebooks-social-connectedness-index-anticipate-human.

Mosler Vidal, Elisa, and Frank Laczko, (2022). “Migration and the SDGs: Measuring Progress. An Edited Volume.” https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018117703443.

Natter, Katharina, and Natalie Welfens, (2024). “Why Has Migration Research So Little Impact? Examining Knowledge Practices in Migration Policy Making and Migration Studies.” International Migration Review 00 (0): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183241271683.

Pötzschke, Steffen, and Michael Braun, (2017). “Migrant Sampling Using Facebook Advertisements: A Case Study of Polish Migrants in Four European Countries.” Social Science Computer Review 35 (5): 633–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316666262.

Sağnıç, Şevin Gülfer, (2023). “Lost in Data Translation: A Critical Review of Datasets on Refugees.” International Migration 00 (0): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13159.

Salah, Albert Ali, Alex Pentland, Bruno Lepri, Emmanuel Letouze, Patrick Vinck, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, Xiaowen Dong, and Ozge Dagdelen, (2018). “Data for Refugees: The D4R Challenge on Mobility of Syrian Refugees in Turkey.” http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.00523.

Slootjes, Jasmijn, and Ravenna Sohst, (2024). “Towards the More Effective Use of Irregular Migration Data in Policymaking.” https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/mpie-mirrem-irregular-migration-data-2024_final.pdf.

Teutem, Simon van, and Tuna Acisu, (2024). “How Do Countries Measure Immigration, and How Accurate Is This Data?” Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/countries-measure-immigration-accurate-data.

Tjaden, Jasper, (2021). “Measuring Migration 2.0: A Review of Digital Data Sources.” Comparative Migration Studies 9 (59): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00273-x.

United Nations, (1998). “Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Revision 1.” https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_58rev1e.pdf.

United Nations, (2022). “Handbook on Measuring International Migration through Population Censuses.” https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/48th-session/documents/BG-4a-Migration-Handbook-E.pdf

United Nations, (2025). “United Nations Expert Group on Migration Statistics.” https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/migration-expert-group/meetings/.

Weisser, Reinhard A., (2022). “A Near-Real-Time Analysis of Societal Responses to Ukrainian Refugee Migration in Europe.” International Migration 61: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13071.

Wycoff, Nathan, Ali Arab, Katharine Donato, Lisa Singh, Kornraphop Kawintiranon, Yaguang Liu, and Elizabeth Jacobs, (2025). “Forecasting Ukrainian Refugee Flows With Organic Data Sources.” International Migration Review 59 (1): 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231203931.

Yildiz, Dilek, Arkadiusz Wiśniowski, Guy J. Abel, Ingmar Weber, Emilio Zagheni, and Cloé Gendronneau, (2025). “Integrating Traditional and Social Media Data to Predict Bilateral Migrant Stocks in the European Union.” International Migration Review 59 (1): 90–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183241249969.

Zook, Matthew, Solon Barocas, Danah Boyd, Kate Crawford, Emily Keller, Seeta Peña Gangadharan, Alyssa Goodman, et al., (2017). “Ten Simple Rules for Responsible Big Data Research.” PLoS Computational Biology 13 (3): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119815075.ch44.

Zürn, Michael, (2019). “Politicization Compared: At National, European, and Global Levels.” Journal of European Public Policy 26 (7): 977–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619188.

Unit 2: The Visual Politics of Migration: Constructing the Representation of Refugeehood and Displacement

Aljouni, Amr, Özden Bademci, Susan Hogan, Sara Marino, Julian McDougall, Isabella Rega, et al., (2023). “Digital Arts – Refugee Engagement.” Media Practice and Education 24, no. 3 (2023): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741136.2023.2177953.

Boehm, Gottfried, and William Mitchell, (2009). “Pictorial versus Iconic Turn: Two Letters.” Culture, Theory and Critique 50, no. 2–3 (2009): 103–121

Ball, Susan, (2024). “Chapter 23: Visual methods in migration research”. In Research Handbook on the Sociology of Migration, (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024) accessed Jan 29, 2025, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839105463.00031

Bell, P., (2000). Content analysis of visual images. In T. van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.) The handbook of visual analysis (pp. 10–34), London: Sage.

Berger, John, and Jean Mohr, (1975). A Seventh Man: Migrant Workers in Europe. London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative.

Bleiker, Roland, (2018). Visual Global Politics. London: Routledge.

Bleiker, Roland, David Campbell, Elizabeth Hutchison, and Xenia Nicholson, (2013). “The Visual Dehumanization of Refugees.” Australian Journal of Political Science 48, no. 4 (2013): 398–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2013.84076.

Bleiker, Roland, (2015). “Pluralist Methods for Visual Global Politics.” Millennium 43, no. 3 (2015): 872–890. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829815583084

Butler, Judith, (2009). Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? Verso.

Chouliaraki, Lilie and Stolic, Tijana, (2017). Rethinking media responsibility in the refugee ‘crisis’: a visual typology of European news. Media, Culture and Society. 39, 8(2017), 1162-1177.

Chouliaraki, Lilie, (2006). The spectatorship of suffering. London, England: SAGE.

Chouliaraki, Lilie, (2017). “Symbolic bordering: The self-representation of migrants and refugees in digital news”. Popular Communication, 15, no 2(2017): 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2017.1281415

De Vreese, Claes H, (2005). “News Framing: Theory and Typology.” Information Design Journal and Document Design 13, no. 1 (2005): 51–62.

De Vreese, C. H., Peter, J., and Semetko, H. A., (2001). “Framing Politics at the Launch of the Euro: A Cross-National Comparative Study of Frames in the News.” Political Communication 18, no. 2 (2001): 107–122.

Entman, Robert, (1993). “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43, no. 4 (1993): 51–58.

Görland, Stephan O. and Arnold, Sina., (2022). “10. “Without It, You Will Die”: Smartphones and Refugees’ Digital Self-Organization” In Refugees on the Move: Crisis and Response in Turkey and Europe edited by Erol Balkan and Zümray Kutlu Tonak, 239-261. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781800736528-013

Georgiou, Myria and Leurs, Koen, (2022). “Smartphones as personal digital archives? Recentring migrant authority as curating and storytelling subjects”. Journalism, 23, no. 3(2022): 668-689. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211060629

Gillian, Rose, (2016). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE.

Gries, Laurie, (2020). “Advances in Visual Rhetorical Analysis.” In The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods, Second edition, eds. Pauwels, Luc, and Dawn Mannay, 381-96. 55 City Road, London: SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526417015.

Ibrahim, Yasmin, (2010). “Distant Suffering and Postmodern Subjectivity: The Communal Politics of Pity.” Nebula 7 (2010). Retrieved from https://cdn.atria.nl/ezines/IAV_607294/IAV_607294_2010_3/Ibrahim4.pdf.

Ibrahim, Yasmin, (2018). “The Unsacred and the Spectacularized: Alan Kurdi and the Migrant Body.” Social Media + Society 4, no. 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118803884.

Kunz, Simone, Sarah Meyer, and Anna Triandafyllidou, eds. (2021). Visual Methodology in Migration Studies: New Possibilities, Theoretical Implications, and Ethical Questions. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67608-7.

Malkki, Liisa H., (1996). “Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization.” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 3 (1996): 377–404. http://www.jstor.org/stable/656300.

Martikainen, Jari, and Inari Sakki, (2021). “Visual (De)Humanization: Construction of Otherness in Newspaper Photographs of the Refugee Crisis.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44, no. 16 (2021): 236–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1965178.

Mitchell, William J.T., (1994). Picture Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Naghibi, Nima, Candida Rifkind, and Eleanor Ty, (2020). “Migration, Exile, and Diaspora in Graphic Life Narratives.” A/b: Auto/Biography Studies 35, no. 2 (2020): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2020.1738081.1

Orgad, Shani, (2012). Media representation and the global imagination. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Radojevic, R., Nguyen, D., Bajec, J. and Ferra, I., (2020). “Visual framing and migrant discourses in social media: The story of Idomeni on Instagram”, in Nguyen, D., Dekker, I. and Nguyen, S. (eds.) Understanding media and society in the age of digitalisation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 157–182.

Semetko, H. A., and Valkenburg, P. M., (2000). “Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News.” Journal of Communication 50, no. 2 (2000): 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.

Smets, Kevin, (2024). “Chapter 9: Visual methods for migration research: approaches, strategies, and challenges”. In Handbook of Research Methods in Migration, (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing) accessed Feb 2, 2025, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800378032.00020

Swadesh Kumar and Prachy Hooda, (2024). “Development Education as a Catalyst for Challenging Stereotypes in Media Representations of Migrants.” Development Education Review 38 (2024). https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-38/development-education-catalyst-challenging-stereotypes-media-representations-migrant.

Sontag, Susan, (2003). Regarding the Pain of Others. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Uskan, Nagehan, (2022). “2. Modes of Self-Representation in the Images Collectively Produced by Migrants in Lésbos Island: Natives of the New World”. Refugees and Migrants in Contemporary Film, Art and Media, edited by Deniz Bayrakdar and Robert Burgoyne, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048554584-004

Vliegenthart, R., (2012). “Framing in Mass Communication Research – An Overview and Assessment.” Sociology Compass 6 (2012): 937–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12003.

Wintzer, Jeanina, (2019). “The Visualization of Migration.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 18 (2019): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919844100.

Witteborn, Saskia, (2015). “Becoming (Im)perceptible: Forced Migrants and Virtual Practice.” Journal of Refugee Studies 28, no. 3 (2015): 350–367.