Section 7: Middle to Late Childhood
Why learn about development during middle childhood?
When Raekwon first started school, he wasn’t sure that he would like it. The thought of going to one place for a long time every day seemed sort of boring. Raekwon found that school was actually really exciting, though. He made friends, he got to learn about new things, he got to play at recess, and the food was good! He found that the days actually went by quickly! Now in fourth grade, Raekwon cannot wait for summer to be over so that he can go to school and meet up with his friends regularly again.
Middle childhood is the period of life that begins when children enter school and last until they reach adolescence. Think for a moment about children at this age that you may know. What are their lives like? What kinds of concerns do they express, and with what kinds of activities are their days filled? If it were possible, would you want to return to this period of life? Why or why not?
Early childhood and adolescence seem to get much more attention than middle childhood. Perhaps this is because growth patterns are slow; the id becomes hidden during the latent stage, according to Freud, and children spend much more time in schools, with friends, and in structured activities. It may be easy for parents to lose track of their children’s development unless they stay directly involved in these worlds. It is important to stop and give full attention to middle childhood to stay in touch with these children and notice the varied influences on their lives in a larger world. After all, they are developing in many incredible ways.
Physical
- Describe physical growth during middle childhood.
- Prepare recommendations to avoid health risks in school-aged children.
- Describe the six types of play that emerge over time.
- Define pretend play and describe how it contributes to development.
- Describe the ways that children benefit from play.
- Describe the development of gender identity and sexuality in middle adulthood
Cognitive
- Describe key characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational intelligence
- Explain the information processing theory of memory
- Describe language development in middle childhood
- Differentiate between achievement and aptitude tests
- Compare Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
- Apply the ecological systems model to explore children’s experiences in schools
- Describe autism spectrum disorder
s - Identify common learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Psychosocial
- Examine Erikson’s stage of industry vs. inferiority as it relates to middle childhood
- Describe Kohlberg’s theory on pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional moral development.
- Describe the importance of peer relationships to middle childhood
- Describe different parenting styles and family tasks
- Examine short-term and long-term consequences of divorce on children
- Describe issues regarding sexual abuse and children
