II B. Copyright, Public Domain, and Fair Use
Open Educational Resources (OER) work with copyright law using tools such as Creative Commons (CC) licenses to enable frictionless sharing and collaboration that would otherwise be difficult to manage from an intellectual property perspective. Open licenses tell others how they can use your work by explicitly granting them copyright permissions to share and adapt your work, with CC licenses being the gold standard in interoperable open licenses for content.
Why is this important?
The copyright status of a work will (along with other factors) determine what you can and cannot do with the creative work of someone else. U.S. Copyright law has changed over time, creative works are usually put into three buckets in terms of their copyright status. Knowing how to identify and differentiate between common types of copyright status will be useful when determining which content you may reuse, and how.
As you search for OER, you will become familiar with the markings of each copyright type, and that there often is no marking that indicates the copyright status of a work.
![This is a legend that describes how public domain, CC BY, CC 0, and CC BY SA licenses are similarly open and allow users to share, remix, and distribute OER materials, even commercially. The level of openness just below that allows users to share and remix materials, and those licenses are CC BY NC and CC BY NC SA. The least open version of CC licenses is below that, and those are materials whose licenses do not allow users to adapt materials, and they only allow users to share materials openly; those licenses are CC BY ND and CC BY NC ND. The least open category for licensing intellectual property is all rights reserved, which is a traditional copyright.](https://pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/13525/2024/03/475px-Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg_.png)
Copyright
The rights to fully copyrighted works a.k.a. All Rights Reserved (ARR) are held by the creator(s) of the work. It can be unlawful to use copyrighted works of others without their permission, and no permissions are granted in the case of ARR works. Activities such as copying, modifying, publicly displaying, publicly performing, and distributing copies of ARR work may be illegal unless legal permission is granted by the creator.
Copyright in the U.S. is automatically assigned to creators of work, with no registration necessary. You may have seen copyright marks or statements at the beginning of books or in the credits of a film, often in the format of “Copyright [creator name] [year]”. Due to the automatic nature of copyright, work that has no marking should be seen as having all rights reserved — no permissions granted until you are granted them specifically from the owner of the rights.
![Copyright symbol, the letter C inside a circle.](https://pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/13525/2024/03/240px-Copyright.svg_.png)
More Resources
Public Domain (PD)
Work in the public domain can be reused freely for any purpose by anyone, without giving credit or attribution to the author or creator. With few exceptions such as being unable to claim the PD work of others as your own, works in this category can be used with great confidence as copyright has either expired or the works were produced by the U.S. Federal Government, and so entered the U.S. PD immediately after creation or publication.
Currently in the U.S. creative works will enter the public domain 70 years after the death of the creator. Creative Commons (the organization) created a legal tool called CC0 (see-see-zero) to help creators place their work as close as possible to the public domain by releasing all rights to it.
![The public domain mark includes the words public domain, and it has a symbol of the letter C in a circle that is crossed out.](https://pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/13525/2024/03/320px-Public_Domain_Mark_button.svg_.png)
![This is the Creative Commons 0 symbol, which includes the words public domain and the symbol of a zero inside of a circle.](https://pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/13525/2024/03/cc-zero.png)
More Resources
- Public Domain (Wikipedia)
- The Public Domain (Stanford University Libraries)
- Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark (Creative Commons blog)
Fair Use
Fair use is not a copyright status, but is actually a copyright principle that suggests that the public can make certain uses of copyrighted works without permission. Whether or not a specific use falls under Fair Use is determined by four factors:
- the purpose and character of your use
- the nature of the copyrighted work
- the amount and substantiality of the portion taken, and
- the effect of the use upon the potential market.
There are additional exceptions and limitations to Copyright, but for the purpose of streamlining sharing and remixing, explicit permission to reuse and adapt work (such as through a CC license) is preferable to seeking defense under Fair Use or related exceptions.
More Resources
- Fair use (Wikipedia)
- Fair Use (Stanford University Libraries)
- Limitations and Exceptions (World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO)
License and Attribution
Copyright is adapted from “Copyright, Creative Commons, and Public Domain” in the UH OER Training Copyright © 2018 by William Meinke and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.