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1. Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy

1. Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy

Photo by Patricia Prudente on Unsplash

Expected Course Outcome(s) Addressed in this Chapter

Course Outcomes toward which students will work:

  1. Use technology to facilitate and inspire student learning and creativity;
  2. Design and develop digital-age learning experiences and assessments;
  3. Model digital-age work and learning;
  4. Promote and model digital citizenship and responsibility;
  5. Recognize the importance of continued professional growth and leadership in achieving and maintaining expertise in the use of educational technology;

Additional Objectives to help learners attain desired outcomes;

  • Identify and explain the legal and ethical issues for student privacy/Children’s Internet Protection Act/CIPA and fair use guidelines for resources and content creation;
  • Demonstrate proficiency with digital literacy tools and skills;
  • Summarize weekly content and relate it to prior learning;
  • Complete digital citizenship certification training;
  • Apply fair use best practices to obtain a royalty-free image;
  • Summarize weekly content and relate it to prior learning.

 

Digital Citizenship is commonly defined as the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use. A digital citizen is one who knows what is right and wrong, exhibits intelligent technology behavior, and makes good choices when using technology. Does that sound like you? A digital citizen is one who knows what is right and wrong, exhibits intelligent technology behavior, and makes good choices when using technology. Does that sound like you? Follow this link to view/download some free classroom resources on digital citizenship from International Society for Technology in Education.
Mark Ribble expanded these basic concepts into nine elements organized into three categories:

School Environment and Student Behavior

1. Digital Rights and Responsibilities: the privileges and freedoms extended to all digital technology users, and the behavioral expectations that come with them
2. Digital Communication: the electronic exchange of information
3. Digital Access: full electronic participation in society
4. Digital Etiquette: the standards of conduct expected by other digital technology users
5. Digital Security: the precautions that all technology users must take to guarantee their personal safety and the security of their network

Student Learning and Academic Performance

6. Digital Literacy: the capability to use digital technology and knowing when and how to use it
7. Digital Law: the legal rights and restrictions governing technology use

Student Life Outside the School Environment

8. Digital Health and Wellness: the elements of physical and psychological well-being related to digital technology use
9. Digital Commerce: the buying and selling of goods online

Many argue that these elements should just be subsumed into the general definition of “citizenship” due to the pervasiveness of technology in today’s society. Regardless of definitions, these concepts are firmly embedded in learning standards from Common Core to the ISTE Educational Technology Standards for both students (ISTE-S) and teachers (ISTE-T). What age is too early to begin talking with students about digital citizenship?  Some K-12 schools are introducing personal digital responsibility as early as 1st grade.

Resources to Explore

The following groups of resources will be helpful to you as you grow in your own digital citizenship and as you influence the next generation of digital citizens.

Digital Rights and Responsibilities

http://thebookfairygoddess.blogspot.co.nz/2012/09/digital-citizenship.html

Cyberbullying Game from Digizen http://www.digizen.org/resources/digizen-game.aspx
Teachers are also victims of Cyberbullying! http://jessysaurusrex.com/2014/04/22/teachers-cyberbullied-by-students-and-their-parents/

Digital Access

Donors Choose http://www.donorschoose.org/
Bridging the Digital Divide with HomeLink http://www.edutopia.org/homelink-free-student-computers-internet

Digital Etiquette

Digital Passport (Share Jumper) https://www.digitalpassport.org

Digital Security

Privacy and Security Scope and Sequence https://www.commonsense.org/education
Jessy Irwin’s Slideshow about Info Security in the Classroom. pay particular attention to slides 8-14. https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1nLe2F3yoZpGcE8JY27UfgB5IObVJtIgdAbiXITEcT4k/edit?pli=1#slide=id.g5e0b20e58_063
Hector’s World http://hectorsworld.netsafe.org.nz/
Carnegie Cyber Academy http://www.carnegiecyberacademy.com/
I Know What You Did Five Minutes Ago http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYVBshcN7wU

Digital Literacy

Digital Passport (Search: Search Shark) https://www.digitalpassport.org
Information Literacy Scope and Sequence https://www.commonsense.org/education
Your Digital Footprint May Be Unflattering http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8C1a2z_cuQ

Digital Law

Digital Passport (Creative Credit: Mix-n-Match) https://www.digitalpassport.org

Creative Credit and Copyright Scope and Sequence https://www.commonsense.org/education
Five-Minute Film Festival Copyright and Fair Use for Educators http://www.edutopia.org/blog/film-festival-copyright-fair-use

Digital Health and Wellness

Self-image and Identity Scope and Sequence https://www.commonsense.org/education
Digital Footprint & Reputation Scope and Sequence https://www.commonsense.org/education
Digital Compass- educational game that gives kids the freedom to explore how decisions made in their digital lives can impact their relationships and future. https://www.digitalcompass.org/
Digital Passport-Teach the basics of online safety and responsibility to third- through fifth-graders with this suite of games. https://www.digitalpassport.org
Digital Bytes- teaches teens digital citizenship through student-directed, media-rich activities and collaborative projects that voice their ideas for making smart choices.  https://www.commonsense.org/education

Digital Commerce


ISTE Standards

5. Digital Citizenship
Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice legal and ethical behavior.
a. Advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology
b. Exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology that supports collaboration, learning, and productivity
c. Demonstrate personal responsibility for lifelong learning
d. Exhibit leadership for digital citizenship
ISTE-T 4. Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and Responsibility
Teachers understand local and global societal issues and responsibilities in an evolving digital culture and exhibit legal and ethical behavior in their professional practices.
a. Advocate, model, and teach safe, legal, and ethical use of digital information and technology, including respect for copyright, intellectual property, and the appropriate documentation of sources
b. Address the diverse needs of all learners by using learner-centered strategies providing equitable access to appropriate digital tools and resources
c. Promote and model digital etiquette and responsible social interactions related to the use of technology and information
d. Develop and model cultural understanding and global awareness by engaging with colleagues and students of other cultures using digital age communication and collaboration tools

Online Intelligence

Essential Questions

How does the personalization of social media and web search tools impact individuals?
What is a digital footprint and how can I manage mine?
What is the difference between the Surface Web and the Deep Web?
How can I get the best information from a Web search?

 

Being NetSmart

The digital culture we live in demands knowledge and skills in managing personal and professional information in public spaces — the Web and social media apps in particular. It is no longer an option to be a passive user of the Web and social media without being smart about your use of it and, frankly, its use of you. We use social media to share our lives with friends and Web search engines to locate web-based information and services, but how might these tools be using us? Rheingold (2012) explains
Google, Bing, Yahoo! And other search engines offer search as a free service on the Web, because searches provide the marketing information that advertisers have sought like the conquistadores sought El Dorado — a way to show large numbers of individuals advertisements that each person might actually be interested in. Search is both a public good — something useful to everybody, but that individuals lack sufficient incentive to create for themselves — and a way to amass significant private wealth by selling a valuable commodity. In Web search, the valuable commodity is the searchers’ attention. Search engines sell sponsored links that appear on the top or side of the page of links displayed in response to a search query. Whenever someone clicks on a sponsored link, a small amount of money goes to the search engine provider. Those clicks add up to billions of dollars each year. (p. 85)
You are probably well-aware also of how marketing uses social media — to promote products, causes, candidates, services, and also to gather the valuable commodity of the users’ attention. Is this a bad thing? Actually, no. These tools are just making use of a perfect marketing opportunity. The problem is when users are unaware of how the information they willingly provide is being used.
Rheingold (2012) advises “Awareness of your digital footprints and impacts of your digital profiles ought to precede your conscious participation online. Think before you post, because your digital actions are findable, reproducible, and available to people you don’t know, and will remain available to all indefinitely” (p. 249). What is your digital footprint? Is it the one you intended to leave? The video below from Internet Society offers four reasons you should care about your digital footprint:

Your digital footprint is comprised of information such as particular links you click on when using a search engine, groups you join, online shopping preferences, and reacting to someone else’s social media post. How do you know what footprints you’ve left? Try these steps:

  1. Search your name on a variety of different search engines. Search text, images, and video. If anything comes up that you would prefer not be attached to your name, take steps to remove it from the site it happens to be on. Don’t hesitate to contact a webmaster if you need something taken off a particular site but have no way to do it.
  2. Clean up accounts! You may have an old account somewhere that you haven’t accessed since Jr. High that needs to be deleted. If you have accounts you plan to “deactivate,” clean out all the photos and information before deactivating.
  3. Check the privacy settings on your active accounts. Make a habit of going through your active accounts each year and clean them up. Anything you want to keep can be backed up on your hard drive without leaving it out and available within the app. Make sure you know what you are sharing and with whom you are sharing it. All social media apps’ privacy settings require attention!
  4. Unsubscribe from any mailing lists that you don’t really need.
  5. Use a secondary email account for sites you sign up on that may send marketing.
  6. Check any e-commerce or retail sites and delete your account if you no longer use them.
  7. Use a more private web browser and search engine. DuckDuckGo doesn’t log any personally identifiable information, doesn’t use cookies to identify you, and it discards user agents and IP addresses from its server logs. StartPage runs a Google search for you but does not pass your information on to Google. Most major browsers have a private, or incognito mode, but note this still tracks your IP address (see https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001378.htm for more information).
  8. Always remember that digital information doesn’t really go away, so think very carefully before you post! If you want to test how long web information remains available, search for a URL (like http://okstate.edu) on the Wayback Machine Internet Archive (http://archive.org).

There are serious privacy-related issues such as identity theft, surveillance, and behavioral data mining associated with web and social media activities, but there are great affordances for those who bring knowledge and skill to their engagement in digital culture. The wealth of outstanding information available, engagement in personal and professional communities, and the opportunity to collaboratively create with diverse, global citizens cannot be ignored. Rheingold explains, “Every PC as well as smart phone is a printing press, broadcasting station, political organizing tool, and site for growing a community or marketplace. Knowledge, power, advantage, companionship, and influence lie with those who know how to participate, rather than those who just passively consume culture” (p. 249).

It is ironic that we now enjoy such a high level of connectivity through the Web and social media, but the tracking of our personal data and activity actually brings a self-segregated experience to users (boyd, 2017). Watch this video to understand the effect of the filter bubble, or echo chamber, that is created for us based on our online activities:
(For a series of additional videos on How to Pop Your Filter Bubble, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8ofWFx525s&list=PLOGi5-fAu8bGbT40N1o65uMu9fHqAaojM).
By functioning online within our own filter bubble, or echo chamber, we miss out on the chance to appreciate diverse perspectives and interact in a heterogeneous environment. Unfortunately, our society seems to be more polarized than ever. Do you think there’s a connection here? Danah Boyd noted:
Thus, given the opportunity, people typically revert to situations where they can be in homogeneous environments. They look for “safe spaces” and “culture fit.” And systems that are “personalized” are highly desirable. Most people aren’t looking to self-segregate, but they do it anyway. And, increasingly, the technologies and tools around us allow us to self-segregate with ease. Is your uncle annoying you with his political rants? Mute him. Tired of getting ads for irrelevant products? Reveal your preferences. Want your search engine to remember the things that matter to you? Let it capture data.Want to watch a TV show that appeals to your senses? Here are some recommendations. (n.p.)
Take notice of the ads that show up when you conduct a search. Are they connected to anything else you’ve reacted to on social media or searched for? Have a friend conduct the same search as you and notice the difference in the sponsored links and ads that appear. You should see individual preference data reflected in ads. This personalization of information comes at the price of your privacy and gives you a very narrow view of all available Web resources. Another limiting aspect to what you see on the Web is tied to common search engines. Search tools like Google or Bing index approximately 4% of all available web resources — just the surface. The deep web is the part of the Web that cannot be accessed by a general search engine. Consider how many great resources you’re missing out on that common search engines are not showing you!

Deep Web

Different types of search engines to access more than just the surface web:
Name Description
The Internet Archive A database of older, saved versions of nearly every site ever created on the Internet (I can still get to the first website I ever made in 1992 on a server that has been dead and gone over two decades. Proof that digital information never dies!)
USA.gov Direct access to a wide variety of government-owned information and databases like the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian, and much more
Science.gov Indexes over 60 databases and 2,200 scientific websites of the latest research
U.S. Geological Survey Amazing maps and images and real (or near-real) time data and information on current conditions and Earth observations
Directory of Open Access Journals Indexes and provides free access to high quality, open access, peer-reviewed journals
Voice of the Shuttle A rich directory for online resources on literature, humanities, and cultural studies
RxList A comprehensive database of US prescription medications
Infoplease An information portal allowing you to tap into a number of databases, online journals, almanacs, ebooks, online library card catalogs, etc.
Pipl People finder
MyLife Search reputation scores and background
Social Catfish People search by photo
Wolfram Alpha A search engine based on computation and metrics
Dogpile A metasearch engine
Yippy A metasearch engine
DuckDuckGo A deep web search engine that doesn’t track your discoveries
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP) Access to federal publications
The World DataBank Collections of data on a variety of topics with an analysis and visualization tool
FactCheck.org Check the accuracy of internet stories
Addict-o-Matic Creates a topic page for searches using results from Bing, Google Blog Search, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, WordPress, and other search &amp social sources. Bookmark the page on your browser to check on the latest results regularly.

Resources

Anatomy of a URL

WhoIs.com discover who owns a particular web address (search for http://martinlutherking.org and describe what you fine)

Your Digital Footprint Matters http://www.internetsociety.org/your-digital-footprint

Simitator http://simitator.com/ (Use this site to help students  see how easy it is to create fake social media posts)

How Do Search Engines Work? http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/ztbjq6f

Customized Google Search Enginehttp://www.google.com/cse/?hl=en
How to Create Your Own Google Custom Search Engine  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeiFFpo8qME
Digital footprinthttp://thetechnoliterate.wordpress.com/2013/03/05/digital-footprint/
Boyd, d. (2017). Why America is self-segregating
Rheingold, H. (2012). NetSmart: How to thrive online. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Key Terms

The Social Media Glossary: 226 Essential Definitions https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-media-glossary-definitions/


Additional Readings on Technology Integration, Digital Literacy/Citizenship, and Internet Safety

Week 1 Presentation (Educational Technology – EDIT 3320 Week 1 Overview) (This is the presentation used in the Week 1 Recording)

Read the article TPACK Framework Article, pages: 9, 10, and 12

Read What is Digital Citizenship (below), an except from course text Applications of Educational Technology

Read theFCC CIPA Article

Read How to Take a Screenshot

Additional Readings on Copyright and Fair Use

Copyright and Fair Use Guidelines for Teachers

Fair Use (An infographic)

A Teacher’s Guide to Copyright and Fair Use (Lagola, K. (2021). Edutopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/teachers-guide-copyright-and-fair-use 28-July-2022).


Videos For This Module

Copyright Basics for Teachers

YouTube Captioned video: Copyright basics for teachers.

Kimmons, R. (2016). Copyright Basics for Teachers [Video]. Linked from YouTube.

Teacher Resource: Copyright Quick Check

YouTube video – Teacher Resource: Copyright Quick Check

Library of Congress. (2015). Teacher Resource: Copyright Quick Check [Video]. Linked from YouTube.

Google Drive: Getting Started

YouTube Video – Google Drive: Getting Started

GCFLearnFree.org. (2020). Google Drive: Getting Started [Video]. Linked from YouTube.

Sharing Google Links (View Only)

YouTube Video

Petty, D. (2022). Link Sharing Demo: Mar 4, 2022 [Video]. Linked from YouTube.

Note: Ms Petty’s video refers to videos created using Austin Community College accounts; replace the example information provided with information for/from your institution.

Safe Image Search

Safe Image Search video on YouTube

https://youtube.com/watch?v=rQjUlG0Hu9U%3Ffeature%3Dshared

Petty, Deborah. (2022). Safe image search [Video]. Linked from YouTube.

Please also review Google’s Safe Image Search information on their website.


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License

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Applications of Educational Technology Copyright © 2018 by Dr. Susan Stansberry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.