2 Outcome 1: Overhead Distribution Systems

Section Information

Outcome/Competency: You will be able to describe overhead distribution systems.

Timing: 6.5h

Rationale:
Why is it important for you to learn this skill?

Powerline technicians need to understand the basics of the overhead distribution systems they’ll be working with in order to understand how current flows and keep themselves safe, as well as to complete their jobs accurately.

Objectives:

To be competent in this area, the individual must be able to:

  • Identify and describe common overhead powerline components and uses
  • Identify and describe common operating voltages

Learning Goals

  • Identify and describe common overhead powerline components and operating voltages.

 

Introduction:

In this section you will learn about insulators, types of conductors, line conductor properties, and transformers. You will be presented with content and have opportunities to practice throughout.

Topic: Insulators (1h)

Instructions:

  • Cover the following content as a group (either reading out loud or independently) then give an opportunity to answer any questions.
  • Have students do the review questions independently, then take up answers.

Line Insulators

Insulators are used to control the flow of electricity. Without them, there would be no way of preventing the electricity from flowing straight to ground.

Insulators are used for several reasons:

  • Control electricity flow
  • Conductor support
  • Provides protection for employees and public
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Figure 1 Modern Pin Type Insulator

Pin Type Insulator

Pin type insulators get their name because they are typically supported by a steel pin on a crossarm. We are most familiar with these insulators which are used primarily in distribution circuits and some lower transmission voltages.

Post Type Insulator

Post type insulators are similar to the pin type but are much stronger so they can be used on long span lines. They can also be mounted horizontally on a pole (arm-less construction) when a narrow right of way is desired (cities). Post type insulators are also found in substations and GOPT switches and are often used to build high voltage lines in cities.
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Figure 2 Post type insulator attr. Eaton
Figure 3 Suspension insulator attr. ResearchGate

Suspension Insulator

Suspension insulators, as the name implies, are suspended from a crossarm with the conductor fastened underneath. These are used on high voltage lines and are actually individual “bells” or insulators connected together. They are designed so the number of insulators can be changed to suit the voltage (higher voltage = more insulators). They are used on long spans with transmission voltages.
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Figure 4 Strain Insulator attr. ResearchGate

Strain Insulator

A different variation of suspension insulators are strain insulators. They are built the same but are stronger and used at points where a pull or strain exists. These are used at dead ends, running corners or on extra-long spans. Many of the strain insulators now used are made of epoxy or polymer materials.

Guy Strain Insulator

Guy strain insulators were designed primarily for two reasons:

To protect the public from current that could accidentally flow down a guy wire

To prevent a lineman from working near a direct path to ground.

Guy strains, which are intended to insulate in emergency situations only, are made of two different materials. Fibre rods are used on primary circuits (over 750 volts) while porcelain units are used on secondary circuits.
Figure 5 Porcelain strain insulator
Figure 6 Fibre strain insulator in conjunction with a guy strut.

Secondary Insulator

Secondary insulators are used to support and insulate secondary voltages. These insulators include house knobs, spools and spreader brackets, and are used on low voltage applications only.
Figure 7 Secondary insulator commonly referred to as “house knob”.

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Flashover Rating

Insulators are rated at 1/8 their dry flashover voltage. If an insulator will flash over at 80kV (in dry, clean conditions), it will have a rating suitable for lines up to 10 kV.

Broken, chipped or dirty insulators should never be used in line construction. Not only will their rating be reduced, but radio noise and tracking may occur.

Review Questions: Insulators (30m)

Insulators are rated at ( 1/4, 1/2, 1/8 ) their dry flashover voltage.

An insulator rated at 25 kilovolts will arc over at:

15kV

25kV

200kV

120kV

( True / False ) Insulators can be made of porcelain glass or epoxy.

( True / False ) Suspension insulators should never have insulators added to increase the insulation rating.

Match the statements on the right with the insulators on the left.

  • Suspension

____ Used where large tension exists.
  • Spreader brackets

____ Used on long spans and high voltages
  • Strain

____ Used on narrow right of ways
  • Guy strain

____ Used to protect public and personnel
  • Post

____ Used on secondary voltages
  • ( True / False ) Insulators with chips or cracks are safe to use if the damage is minor.

Answer Key

1.1/8, 2. 200kV, 3. T, 4. F, 5. c, a, e, d, b, 6.

License

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Powerline Tech Prep Program Manual Copyright © by Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies-Trades and Industrial is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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