29 Using Electricity and Water in the Plant
Learning Objectives
Discuss how water and electricity are used in the plant.
Water Usage
Water, Ice and Steam
Most food processing operations use a lot of water and it is important to be able to draw enough water and to treat the wastewater. A reliable, potable water supply and sewage disposal system is very important. If municipal wastewater handling is limited, a facility may have to treat its wastewater onsite. In some facilities, water must be stored to meet needs during water shortages. Storage and treatment facilities must therefore be designed, constructed, and maintained to prevent contamination of water being stored or treated.
All water used in the production process must be potable. This is defined in Health Canada’s Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality.
The following link describes Canada’s guidelines on drinking water quality.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/water-eau/drink-potab/guide/index-eng.php
Any site with pooled water is a good location for a drain.
Any water treatment chemicals used must be listed in the Reference Listing of Accepted Construction Materials, Packaging Materials and Non-Food Chemical Products, published by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). The facility may need to get a ‘Letter of No Objection’ from Health Canada for a chemical not listed.
Monitor and control any chemical treatment. Make sure to use the recommended concentration and to prevent contamination.
Water Testing and Potability
Water, ice and steam are used as raw materials in many production processes. Ice that is used as an ingredient or that comes in direct contact with food must be made from potable water and protected from contamination.
Key Takeaways
Analyze water frequently to make sure it’s potable (safe for human consumption).
Ice used in food processing should be handled as an incoming ingredient. It should be assessed under the incoming material control program. Ice produced on site should also be assessed. Be sure to analyze water, ice and steam frequently to confirm potability. Some municipalities have regular water testing programs and may provide the plant with the results of the tests performed. This document can be used as a reference on the potability of the water the facility uses.
Processors producing high-risk products may need to test water daily. Those facilities producing a lower-risk product (e.g. bread) may need to test only monthly.
| Water Potability Records | Water Treatment Records | Boiler Feedwater Treatment Records |
| Water source | Method of treatment | Method of treatment |
| Sample site | Sample site | Analytical results |
| Analytical results | Analytical results | Analyst |
| Analyst | Analyst | Date |
| Date | Date |
If a facility has its own water well and treatment system, develop an in-house program to regularly assess water. Don’t forget to make sure it’s potable.
Water, ice and steam potability records can include:
- Sampling site (specific tap, water source, etc.);
- Results of the tests;
- Individual or company responsible for analyzing the water; and
- Date of the test.
Recirculated Water Systems
Recirculated water is water that has been previously used, then recycled and treated in a facility. Many facilities use this method to reduce water costs.
Depending on the purpose for the recirculated water, make sure that the facility has an organized, in-house water treatment program. This program must include monitoring and testing to verify water safety.
Recirculated water must have a separate distribution or piping system. Be sure that this system is identified clearly. A separate distribution system reduces the likelihood of cross-contamination with potable water lines.
Key Takeaways
All water used in a processing facility (water, ice or steam) must meet Health Canada’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.
Water Storage Facilities
Water storage is used in the food industry to supply water when a regular source can’t meet peak demands. Water storage facilities can be made from any material that can hold water, as long as the storage structure won’t reduce water quality.
Materials used in water storage facilities should be listed in the Reference Listing of Accepted Construction Materials, Packaging Materials and Non-Food Chemical Products, published by the CFIA. If the material is not listed in this source, the facility must have a ‘Letter of No Objection’ from Health Canada.
Be sure to think about the following when either selecting or sizing a water storage facility:
- How long the storage facility is expected to meet demands;
- The total water demand during the period water must be stored; and
- The likelihood of materials used in the storage facility releasing toxic compounds into water.
Glass, metal and plastic are the most common materials used for water storage. Glass is not generally recommended because it can chip and plastic is problematic because it can be permeable (lets gases through).
Water storage tanks made from plastic must be located away from gasoline, pesticides or any other chemicals. These may contaminate the stored water.
If the facility uses stored water for sanitation or production processes, develop an in-house program to check the potability of stored water.
Sanitize or disinfect water being stored for long periods. Use the best quality water possible for storage.
Pre-used or secondhand water storage tanks and equipment are not recommended. However, if used, make sure they held only food products previously. Make sure all new or used water storage tanks and equipment are cleaned and sanitized thoroughly before use. Include water tanks used for long periods in the facility’s master sanitation schedule.
See the following fact sheet for a summary of water safety
Conservation of Energy
Read the following article on conserving electricity.
Six Ways Food Manufacturers Can Save Money on Electricity
By Emily Newton, FoodSafetyTech.
Energy usage has increased worldwide, especially with everyone isolated due to COVID-19. That translates to higher costs across most sectors. The Energy Information Agency (EIA) expects U.S. electricity consumption to grow by 2.1% this year (2021).
Coupled with the rising adoption of renewable energy and green initiatives, it makes sense to cut down on electricity consumption as much as possible. Commercial operations, food manufacturers included, could stand to benefit from reduced energy usage.
The question isn’t necessarily “why,” but “how.” What can food manufacturers and similar commercial providers do to reduce electricity requirements? What are some ways to minimize consumption and achieve efficient food production processes?
1. Energy Audits
Process and energy audits are a must. How could one hope to improve a system without understanding everything there is to know about it? More specifically, how could a company reduce energy consumption if they don’t know where, when and how it’s being used? That’s why energy and resource audits are crucial to optimization. It doesn’t matter whether they are conducted in-house or by a third party. What’s important is that they are accurate and detailed.
Inspectors will examine heating, refrigeration and cooling systems, facility processes, equipment, infrastructure, and beyond. Everything that uses electricity will be part of the audit, and analysts will be able to discern how much power each component is using. The statistics then inform action, driving a reduction in energy consumption. With this information, company analysts can also create a food manufacturing cost breakdown, which can be used to improve other areas of the business.
It’s easy to draw a line between regular energy audits and improved food safety, too. The ability to continuously monitor facility equipment performance means a lower chance of failure and more consistent quality. Keeping a digital eye on optimal performance means a reduced risk of one machine negatively impacting others if it begins performing suboptimally or erratically.
2. Upgraded Equipment
Energy conservation is as much about improving efficiencies as it is about using less electricity overall. While not always true, as a general rule, newer equipment tends to be much more economical at utilizing electricity.
Over time, technology has improved considerably to use less power, utilize resources more effectively and incorporate new methods for completing various actions, sometimes with significant performance boosts. In other words, new equipment can bring energy consumption down and will also improve productivity and output. Because it’s not cost-effective to replace equipment often, that’s precisely where audit information comes in handy.
The best practice would be to replace equipment before it malfunctions or breaks down, but also after it has declined in performance and efficiency. It would mean constantly analyzing equipment through real-time metrics and statistics.
Better production, more output, and fewer costs lead to greater profit, so it’s worth the investment.
More efficient and modern equipment typically features other upgraded components that impact performance and food safety as well, including updated materials, tighter tolerances, and improved microbial and viral resistance. Next-generation food prep and packaging stations that automate sanitation using ultraviolet (UV) light are examples.
3. Retooled Infrastructure
If the operation is located in an older building, it’s likely that much of the existing infrastructure and equipment is not just dated but also less efficient.
For example, traditional lighting sources use a lot more energy than LED or smart lighting solutions. HVAC systems may be non-existent or extremely outdated. Even facilities that are just a few years old may have obsolete elements.
This stretches far beyond the basics such as lighting to include power and utility components. A well-built and quality transformer setup will save money over time, for example. Replacing aging equipment can save food processing plants cash in the long run.
Investing in a transformer that doesn’t use a liquid cooling agent gives plant owners more options as they can be placed indoors or outdoors. They also have other business benefits, like longer lifecycles, lower fire risks, a more eco-friendly operation, and higher efficiency. A lower risk of fires, smoke intrusion and other destructive events also means greater security and peace of mind for delicate and perishable foods and food components.
Upgrading these components is more cost-effective than moving to a new location or building a whole new facility. It is often these kinds of incremental hardware and operational updates that can offer the best impact.
4. Better Refrigeration and Cooling
In 2019, the EIA reported that the commercial food sector used 154 billion kilowatt-hours of energy on cooling alone. That’s nearly 4% of the entire country’s annual energy usage. It isn’t just because cooling systems are running constantly year-round. It’s also because many companies refuse to upgrade to more efficient solutions.
Refrigeration is a massive energy hog. So how can it be improved? There are several ways:
- More efficient motors
- Reduced and more effective use of refrigeration space for walk-ins
- Smarter fans with variable frequency drives (VFDs)
- Renewable energy farms
- Intermittent absorption refrigeration
Food waste at the retail and consumer levels amounts to 30–40% of the United States’ total output and billions of tons per year. Better and more reliable refrigeration technology at every stage of the supply chain, including warehouses and vehicles, means less food wasted worldwide and greater security for products at rest and in transit.
5. Monitor, Automate and Notify
Through real-time monitoring and automated processes, managers and operations teams can take action to reduce consumption. For instance, let’s say an employee walks away from a piece of equipment and leaves it powered on. With traditional equipment, that machine would continue draining power and increasing costs.
With automated and smart equipment, a notification would be sent to the appropriate administrator, who can then send out an order to have the machine shut down. Moreover, this can all happen within an instant, and administrators can be off-site and notified remotely.
Even better, the process could be improved further by installing an IoT sensor that automatically turns off the hardware after an expiration period.
An energy dashboard, accessible via mobile platforms, would allow facility managers to keep an eye on resource consumption, general costs, and operations no matter where they are. Creating a unified and always-on system with automation is definitely possible with the help of modern technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT).
The cost of food supply chain recalls stands at 48 million illnesses and $55.5 billion per year in productivity losses, amelioration efforts and the rest of the fallout. As with the other points made here, an investment in higher-efficiency equipment with lower power requirements translates to dividends elsewhere.
More efficient and widely connected machines in the supply chain mean fewer opportunities for failure and pricey recalls. This also leads to ongoing cost savings, which begin on day one.
6. Educate Employees
A cultural response to energy reductions can also have a huge impact. By training and educating employees on the importance of energy conservation, companies can gain an edge. This could include steps as simple as turning off the lights when departing an unoccupied room, remembering to power down equipment, or discussing more effective techniques.
If and when people are armed with the correct knowledge, they can make more informed decisions. The idea is to build a culture around energy conservation, operational efficiencies, and smarter utilization. Make it a team-based practice so everyone holds themselves accountable and values the initiative.
Cultivating mindfulness in this area of the company’s culture translates elsewhere, too. Safeguarding against unsafe habits, incorrect equipment usage and improper handling techniques, and encouraging workspace sanitization, is everybody’s responsibility.
Whether it’s saving money on electricity for the company’s and planet’s sake or protecting the customer from product defects, ongoing education makes for a stronger culture and a more reliable product.
Make It Happen
The longer a manufacturer continues to operate without efficient solutions in place like the ones discussed in this column, the greater the energy consumption levels and the higher the expenses. It is beneficial to all to adopt some of these practices as soon as possible, and there’s no question that it will result in higher profits. In several ways, some less obvious than others, this efficiency transformation means safer products, employees and customers, too.
As energy prices continue to climb across all sectors and the impact on the environment mounts, it makes sense to reduce consumption, find smarter sources like renewable energy, and upgrade equipment, processes and operations accordingly.
References
Lang, Sambey, Fahner and Yaschuk, “2015 food safety guidebook” Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development accessed at https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/da0b4f14-7249-427b-a17b-1688f21f82ce/resource/805dc063-e842-4049-b4f4-e66af8a7586e/download/2015-food-safety-guidebook.pdf on September 18, 2022
Contains information from the Government of Manitoba, licensed under the openMB information and Data Use License (Manitoba.ca/OpenMB)
Newton, E. (2021, May 5). Six ways food manufacturers can save money on electricity. FoodSafetyTech. Retrieved September 18, 2022, from https://foodsafetytech.com/column/six-ways-food-manufacturers-can-save-money-on-electricity/