CHAPTER 3 REFERENCES

ACOG Committee Opinion No 700: Methods for Estimating the Due Date. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May;129(5):e150-e154. https://bit.ly/3XtNIDG

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 200: Early Pregnancy Loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Nov;132(5):e197-e207. https://bit.ly/37bRfev

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM). Image Library: Obstetrics (Standard). 2018. https://bit.ly/41lRBwJ

Barnhart KT. Clinical practice. Ectopic pregnancy. NEJM. 2009;361(4):379-387. https://bit.ly/2Ya2zUq

Barnhart KT. Early pregnancy failure: Beware of the pitfalls of modern management. Fertil Steril 2012:98:1061-5. https://bit.ly/3i4hn17

Barnhart KT, Senapati S, Sammel MD. Declaring a gestation nonviable: when 99% certainty is not enough. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Feb;224(2):232-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.016. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PMID: 33065133. https://bit.ly/3Rbjn9f

Barnhart K, Hansen KR, Stephenson MD, et al. Effect of an Active vs Expectant Management Strategy on Successful Resolution of Pregnancy Among Patients With a Persisting Pregnancy of Unknown Location: The ACT or NOT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Aug 3;326(5):390-400. https://bit.ly/36fsn94

Barnhart KT, Guo W, Cary MS, et al. Differences in serum human chorionic gonadotropin rise in early pregnancy by race and value at presentation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(3):504-511. https://bit.ly/41PRM2D

Benson CB, Doubilet P, Peters HE, Frates M. Intrauterine Fluid with Ectopic Pregnancy: A Reappraisal. J Ultrasound Med. 2013 Mar;32(3):389-93. https://bit.ly/2ZABIDn

Benson LS, Micks EA, Ingalls C, Prager SW. Safety of Outpatient Surgical Abortion for Obese Patients in the First and Second Trimesters. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):1065-1070. https://bit.ly/3PdX5S2

Bialy A, Kondagari L, Wray AA. Gynecologic Pelvic Examination. 2024 Feb 25. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. https://bit.ly/43x9R7S

Borchert K, Thibodeau C, Varin P, et al. Medication abortion and uterine aspiration for undesired pregnancy of unknown location: A retrospective cohort study. Contraception. 2023 Jun;122:109980. https://bit.ly/4283OFI

Brandell K, Jar-Allah T, Reynolds-Wright J, et al; VEMA (Very Early Medication Abortion) Study Group. Randomized Trial of Very Early Medication Abortion. N Engl J Med. 2024 Nov 7;391(18):1685-1695. https://bit.ly/41nTZTL

CDC Sexually Transmitted Disease Guidelines: Screening Recommendations and Considerations, 2021. https://bit.ly/4kkpx3y

Cheng T, Kumar N, Laursen L, et al; with the assistance of Jessica Atrio, Sarita Sonalkar on behalf of the Clinical Affairs Committee. Society of Family Planning clinical recommendation: Prevention of infection after abortion and pregnancy loss. Contraception. 2025a Mar 26:110895. https://bit.ly/4lT0DcI

Connolly A, Ryan DH, Stuebe AM, Wolfe HM. Reevaluation of Discriminatory and Threshold Levels for Serum B-hCT in Early Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;212(1):65-70. https://bit.ly/3CBUIm

Duncan CI, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST. Utility of a routine ultrasound for detection of ectopic pregnancies among women requesting abortion: a retrospective review. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2022 Jan;48(1):22-27. https://bit.ly/4hloPkC

Fjerstad M, Creinin M. Mife Matters. Sonography in Very Early Pregnancy. Summer (10) 2004.

Flynn AN, Schreiber CA, Roe A, Shorter JM, Frarey A, Barnhart K, Sonalkar S. Prioritizing Desiredness in Pregnancy of Unknown Location: An Algorithm for Patient-Centered Care. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Nov;136(5):1001-1005. https://bit.ly/3lNULnD

Fu A, Weber CE, Gilmore E, et al. A noninferiority randomized controlled trial to compare transabdominal and transvaginal sonography for eligibility assessment prior to medical abortion. Contraception. 2018 Sep;98(3):199-204. https://bit.ly/3I984aA

Godfrey EM, Thayer EK, Fiastro AE, Aiken ARA, Gomperts R. Family medicine provision of online medication abortion in three US states during COVID-19. Contraception. 2021 Jul;104(1):54-60. https://bit.ly/41ojlRg

Goldberg AB, Fulcher IR, Fortin J, et al. Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Undesired Pregnancy of Unknown Location. Obstetrics & Gynecology 139(5):p 771-780, May 2022.  https://bit.ly/3N7RATf

Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB. Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities. Contraception. 2014;90(4):460-463. https://bit.ly/37RcM0K

Guiahi M, Davis A; Society of Family Planning. First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: October 2012 SFP guideline #20122. Contraception. 2012;86(6):622-630. https://bit.ly/3glqHvm

Horowitz NS, Eskander RN, Adelman MR, Burke W. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease: A Society of Gynecologic Oncology evidenced-based review and recommendation. Gynecol Oncol. 2021 Dec;163(3):605-613. https://bit.ly/3RXyXpw

Ipas. (2023). Clinical Updates in Reproductive Health. E. Jackson (Ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Ipas. https://bit.ly/3F3UxWi

Kaneshiro B, Bednarek P, Isley M, et al. Blood loss at the time of first-trimester surgical abortion in anticoagulated women. Contraception. 2011 May;83(5):431-5. https://bit.ly/41s1kRa

Kapp N, Griffin R, Bhattarai N, Dangol DS. Does prior ultrasonography affect the safety of induced abortion at or after 13 weeks’ gestation? A retrospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021 Apr;100(4):736-742. https://bit.ly/3i52Dis

Kerestes C, Tschann M, Pearlman Shapiro M, et al. Self-Determination of Eligibility for Medication Abortion Without Ultrasonography Using a History-Based Tool: LMP-SURE. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Oct 1;144(4):457-463. https://bit.ly/4gOBooh

Kerns JL, Brown K, Nippita S, Steinauer J. Society of Family Planning Clinical Recommendation: Management of hemorrhage at the time of abortion. Contraception, Volume 129, 110292. https://bit.ly/4i7ime2

Larraín D, Caradeux J. β-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Dynamics in Early Gestational Events: A Practical and Updated Reappraisal. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2024 Mar 7;2024:8351132. https://bit.ly/4heMrrh

Lee JK, Zimrin AB, Sufrin C. Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Management of individuals with bleeding or thrombotic disorders undergoing abortion. Contraception. 2021 Aug;104(2):119-127. https://bit.ly/3PyS7zv 

Lee WA, Nelson G, Lala V, et al. Sonography 1st Trimester Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation. [Updated 2025 Mar 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. https://bit.ly/43LwJPr

Levy N, Dhatariya K. Pre-operative optimisation of the surgical patient with diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes: a practical review. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan;74 Suppl 1:58-66. https://bit.ly/41vv6nW

Macaulay S, Buchmann EJ, Dunger DB, et al. Reliability and validity of LMP for gestational age estimation in a low-to- middle-income setting. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019 Jan;45(1):217-225. https://bit.ly/34QQmGX

Margulies R, Miller L. Fruit size as a model for teaching first trimester uterine sizing in bimanual examination. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;98(2):341-4. https://bit.ly/3QuazuO

McMahon HV, Moss RA, Pearce N, et al. Weight and Procedural Abortion Complications: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Mar 1;145(3):307-315. https://bit.ly/3FmuY2y

Morse CB, Sammel MD, Shaunik A, et al. Performance of human chorionic gonadotropin curves in women at risk for ectopic pregnancy: exceptions to the rules. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:101–106. https://bit.ly/3tQfieN

Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Egwuatu I, et al. Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion with accompaniment support in Argentina and Nigeria (SAFE): a prospective, observational cohort study and non-inferiority analysis with historical controls. Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Jan;10(1):e105-e113. https://bit.ly/4kAlReL

National Abortion Federation (NAF). Clinical Policy Guidelines for Abortion Care 2024. https://bit.ly/40Rejvh

Nippita S, Cansino C, Goldberg AB, et al; Clinical Affairs Committee; Boraas C. Society of Family Planning Clinical Recommendation: Management of undesired pregnancy of unknown location and abortion at less than 42 days of gestation. Contraception. 2025b Mar 22:110865. https://bit.l/3GrI4MyH

Panelli DM, Phillips CH, Brady PC. Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review. Fertil Res Pract. 2015 Oct 15;1:15. https://bit.ly/41JfAos

Park KE, Latack KR, Vestal NL, Ingles SA, Paulson RJ, Awadalla MS. Association of HCG Level with Ultrasound Visualization of the Gestational Sac in Early Viable Pregnancies. Reprod Sci. 2023 Dec;30(12):3623-3628. https://bit.ly/41OC3Rp

Phillips CH, Benson CB, Durfee SM, et al. “Pseudogestational Sac” & Other 1980s-Era Concepts in Early First- Trimester Ultrasound: Still Relevant? J Ultrasound Med, 2020. https://bit.ly/2ZsjOlU

Qin ZJ, Xu Y, Du Y, Chen YL, Sun L, Zheng A. Intrauterine Hematoma in the First Trimester and Pregnancy Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 17;9:892146. https://bit.ly/4kBxEtj

Ralph LJ, Ehrenreich K, Barar R, et al. Accuracy of self-assessment of gestational duration among people seeking abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. December 17, 2021:S0002-9378(21)02683-1. https://bit.ly/3ipkUHH

Raymond EG, Bracken H. Early medical abortion without prior ultrasound. Contraception. 2015 Sep;92(3):212-4. https://bit.ly/3bKpzhq

Raymond EG, Grossman D, Mark A, et al. No-Test Medication Abortion: A Sample Protocol for Increasing Access During a Pandemic and Beyond. Contraception. 2020;101(6):361-366. https://bit.ly/3bluPZA

Reproductive Health Access Project. The Pelvic Exam: Multiple Positions for Patient-Centered Care.. Accessed February 21, 2025. https://bit.ly/3Eu2mEo

Richardson A, Gallos I, Dobson S, et al, Raine-Fenning N. Accuracy of first-trimester ultrasound in diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy prior to visualization of the yolk sac: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Aug;46(2):142-9. https://bit.ly/3girg9a

Rodgers SK, Horrow MM, Doubilet PM, et al. A Lexicon for First-Trimester US: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Recommendations. Radiology. 2024 Aug;312(2):e240122. https://bit.ly/3FgifhZ

Schonberg D, Wang LF, Bennett AH, et al. Accuracy of Using LMP to Determine Gestational Age for First Trimester Medication Abortion: A Systematic Review. Contraception.2014;90(5):480–48. https://bit.ly/2VCLj96

Shochet T, Lerma K, Blum J, Winikoff B, Blumenthal PD. Multi-level pregnancy test use for medical abortion follow-up after 63 days’ gestation: Evidence from prenatal hCG data. Contraception. 2020 Sep;102(3):207-209. https://bit.ly/4bz6T4E

Seeber BE, Barnhart KT. Suspected ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb;107(2 Pt 1):399-413. https://bit.ly/43s8BTr

SFP: Horvath S, Goyal V, Traxler S, Prager S. Society of Family Planning committee consensus on Rh testing in early pregnancy. Contraception. 2022 Oct;114:1-5. https://bit.ly/3YW40G7

Silva C, Sammel MD, Zhou L, et al. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Profile for Women with Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107(3):605-610. https://bit.ly/41NJ6uQ

Simons HR, Diemert S, Passman R, Dean G. An assessment of clinical outcomes of medication abortion without pretreatment ultrasonography in Planned Parenthood, United States, 2020-2021. Contraception. 2024 Aug;136:110469. https://bit.ly/4i62WGQ

SMFM: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Miller R, Gyamfi-Bannerman C; Publications Committee. Consult Series #63: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Sep;227(3):B9-B20. https://bit.ly/4jIWZRh

Soper JT. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Current Evaluation and Management. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Feb 1;137(2):355-370. Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jan 1;139(1):149. https://bit.ly/3ELUIps

Tillman S. Consent in Pelvic Care. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2020 Nov;65(6):749-758. https://bit.ly/3DrrKdP 

Upadhyay UD, Raymond EG, Koenig LR, et al. Outcomes and Safety of History-Based Screening for Medication Abortion: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2022 May 1;182(5):482-491. https://bit.ly/4jMJMWY

Whitehouse KC, Shochet T, Lohr PA. Efficacy of a low-sensitivity urine pregnancy test for identifying ongoing pregnancy after medication abortion at 64 to 70 days of gestation. Contraception. 2022 Jun;110:21-26. https://bit.ly/41weNHk

World Health Organization. (‎2022)‎. Abortion care guideline. World Health Organization. https://bit.ly/35YlyZZ

Zee J, Sammel MD, Chung K, et al. Ectopic pregnancy prediction in women with a pregnancy of unknown location: data beyond 48 h are necessary. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(3):441-447. https://bit.ly/3tQfi