Abdulazeez A (2014) How Africans underdeveloped Africa, Kenya Today, 1 March 2014, www.kenya-today.com/news/africans-under developed-africa.

Ahmad E (2001) Terrorism: Theirs and Ours, Seven Stories Press, New York.

Alpers EA and Fontaine PM (editors) (1982) Walter Rodney, Revolutionary and Scholar: A Tribute, University of California Press, Berkeley.

Alpers EA and Fontaine PM (editors) (1985) Walter Rodney, Poetic Tributes, Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications, London.

Amin S (1969) The Class Struggle in Africa, Africa Research Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Amin S (1973) Neo-Colonialism in West Africa, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Amin S (1978) Accumulation on a World Scale, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Aminzade R (2013) Race, Nation, and Citizenship in Postcolonial Africa: The Case of Tanzania, Cambridge University Press, New York.

Anderson D (2013) Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, WW Norton, New York.

Angell M (2005) The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What To Do About It, Random House, New York.

Asante MK (2007) The History of Africa (new edition), Routledge, New York.

Baran P (1957) The Political Economy of Growth, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Beckett A (2009) Has the Left blown its big chance of success? The Guardian. 17 August 2009, www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009.aug/17/ left-politics-capitalism-recession.

Bernal JD (1954) Science in History, 4 Volumes, Watts & Co., London.

Brenan JR (2012) Taifa: Making Nation and Race in Urban Tanzania, Ohio University Press, Ohio.

Burgis T (2015) The Looting Machine, Public Affairs, New York.

Cabral A (1969) Revolution in Guinea, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Campbell H (1985) Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney, Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ.

Campbell H (1986) The impact of Walter Rodney and progressive scholars on the Dar es Salaam school, Utafiti (Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences), University of Dar es Salaam, 8(2):59—77.

Chan AW, Hrobjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gotzsche PC and Altman DG (2004) Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: comparison of protocols and published articles, Journal of the American Medical Association, 291:2457—2465.

Childe G (1960) What Happened in History, Penguin, Middlesex.

Chung C (editor) (2013) Walter Rodney: A Promise of a Revolution, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Cliffe L and Saul JS (editors) (1973) Socialism in Tanzania: A Reader, Volumes I & II, East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi.

Cobain I (2012) Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture, Portobello Books, London.

Cobain I (2016) The History Thieves, Granata, London.

Collins RO and Burns JM (2007) A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Comissiong  S (2012) Dear Black America: It’s past time to wake up, Black Agenda Report, 18 December 2012. http://www.blackagendareport.com/content/dear-black-america-its-past-time-wake

Coulson A (editor) (1979) African Socialism in Practice: The Tanzanian Experience, Spokesman, Nottingham.

Coulson A (2014) Tanzania: A Political Economy (second edition), Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Creighton A (2000) The Walter Rodney factor in West Indian literature, Stabroek News, 18 June 2000, www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com/ wpa/Rodney_literature.html.

D’Amato P (2006) The Meaning of Marxism, Haymarket Books, Chicago.

Danaher K (1994) 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, South End Press, Brooklyn, MA.

Davidson B (1964) Which Way Africa? Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Davidson B (1966) Africa: History of a Continent, Macmillan, New York.

DeAngelis CD (2000) Conflict of interest and the public trust (editorial), Journal of the American Medical Association, 284:2237-38.

DeAngelis CD (2006) The influence of money on medical science (editorial), Journal of the American Medical Association, 296:E1–E3,   doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.jed60051.

Deardon N (2015) Is development becoming a toxic term? Pambazuka News, Issue 711, 27 January 2015, pmbazuka.org/en/category/ comment/93811.

Depelchin J (2011) Reclaiming African History, Pambazuka Press, Oxford.

Diop CA (1974) The African Origins of Western Civilization, Lawrence Hill Books, Chicago.

Drake P and Lalljie R (2009) (editors) Walter Rodney: His Last Days and Campaigns, R Ferdinand-Lalljie Publishers, London.

Dunbar-Ortiz R (2014) An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, Beacon Press, Boston.

Editor (2015) Africa/Global: Capital flows in context, AfricaFocus Bulletin, 2 June 2015, www.africafocus.org/docs15/tax1506b.php #sthash.jRDsddnh.dpuf.

Editorial (2004) Depressing research, The Lancet, 363:1335.

Editorial (2006) Unravelling industry bias in clinical trials, Pain, 121:175-6.

Elkins C (2005) Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, Holt, New York.

Engles F (2010) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Penguin Classics, London.

Engels F (1890) Letter to J Bloch, 21 September 1890, London, www. marxist.com/historical-materialism-study-guide.htm.

Epstein H (2015) Who’s afraid of African democracy, Common Dreams, 25 May 2015, www.commondreams.org.

Fanon F (1963) The Wretched of the Earth, Grove Press, New York.

Ford G (2012) Commentaries and Blogs, www.blackagendareport.com.

Fouere MA (editor) (2015) Remembering Nyerere in Tanzania: History, Memory, Legacy, Mkuki na Nyota, Dar es Salaam.

Foster JB (2006) Naked Imperialism: The US Pursuit of Global Dominance, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Frank AG (1967) Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Frank AG (1969) Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Freire P (1968;2000) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Bloomsbury Academic, New York.

Freund B (1998) The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800 (second edition), Palgrave Macmillan, UK.

Fulton D (2015) Writer Eduardo Galeano, voice of Latin America’s Left, dead at 74, Common Dreams, 13 April 2015, http://www.commondreams.org/news/2015/04/13/writer-eduardo-galeano-voice-latin-americas-left-dead-74

Gabriehu A (2007) Dangerous Times:  The Assassination of Dr. Walter Rodney (second edition), Ghebbi Books, Brooklyn, NY.

Galeano E (1974; 2009) Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of Pillage of a Continent  (new edition), Serpents Tail, New York.

Gilbert ET and Reynolds JT (2011) Africa in World History (third edition), Pearson, UK.

Grandin G (2011) The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (updated edition), University of Chicago Press, Chcago.

Guha R (2013) DD Kosambi’s teachings on the importance of the superstructure in history, in M Kosambi (editor) (2013), p 198-227.

Guldi J and Armitage D (2014) The History Manifesto, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK).

Hickel J (2014) Exposing the great ‘poverty reduction scandal’, Common Dreams, 22 August 2014, www.commondreams.org.

Hirji KF (1973) School education and underdevelopment in Tanzania, MajiMaji, No. 12:1–23.

Hirji KF (2009) No Short-Cut in Assessing Trial Quality: A Case Study, Trials, 10:1 (45 pages with additional files), (www.trialsjournal.com) (Highly accessed paper with editorial commentary: Gotzsche (2009) Trials, 10:2)

Hirji KF (2011) Cheche: Reminiscences of a Radical Magazine, Mkuki na Nyota, Dar es Salaam.

Hirji KF and Premji Z (2011) Pre-referral rectal Artesunate in severe malaria: A flawed trial, Trials, 12:188, www.trialsjournal.com/content /12/1/188.

Hirji KF (2013) Hope and struggle: Walter Rodney as I knew him, Presentation at the Fifth Annual Walter Rodney Symposium, Walter Rodney Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, 3 March 2013, Chemchemi (University of Dar es Salaam), 6:12—18.

Hirji KF (2014a) Growing Up With Tanzania: Memory, Musings and Maths, Mkuki na Nyota, Dar es Salaam.

Hirji KF (2014b) Beating the drum on one side: Confusing the people on both sides, Awaaz Magazine, 11(3):36–41, www.awaazmagazine.com.

Hochschild A (1999) King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, Houghton Mifflin, New York

Iliffe J (2007) Africans: The History of a Continent (second edition, African Studies), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Ivaska A (2011) Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar es Salaam, Duke University Press, Durham and London.

Jack I (2016) The History Thieves by Ian Cobain review – how Britain covered up its imperial crimes, The Guardian, 6 October 2016, www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/06.

Jalee P (1970) The Pillage of the Third World, Monthly Review Press, New York.

James CLR (1973) Reflections on Pan-Africanism. Speech given on 20 November 1973, www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works.

James CLR (1981) Walter Rodney and the question of power, Race Today, Talk given on 30 January 1981, www.marxists.org/archive /james-clr/works.

James CLR (1993) Beyond a Boundary (reprint edition), Duke University Press, Durham.

Kamagi D (2016) More History programmes to be offered at UDSM, The Citizen (Tanzania), 21 November 2016.

Kaniki MHY (editor) (1980) Tanzania Under Colonial Rule, Longman Group, United Kingdom.

Kassirer J (2000) Financial indigestion, Journal of the American Medical Association, 284:2156-7.

Kirstein PN (2015) Review essay on Howard Zinn, Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Culture, logosjournal.com/2015/review-essay-on-howard-zinn/

Klein N (2008) The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Picador, London.

Kolumbia L (2016) Government warns it will close more universities, The Citizen (Tanzania), 26 November 2016.

Kosambi DD (1956;1975) An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (second edition), Popular Prakashan Ltd, India.

Kosambi M (editor) (2013) Unsettling the Past: Unknown Aspects and Scholarly Assessments of DD Kosambi, Permanent Black, India.

Kwayana E (2013) Walter Rodney: His Last Days and Campaigns, R Ferdinand-Lalljie Publishers, UK.

Kwayana E (2014) Walter Rodney: Why the Chinese want to read him, Pambazuka News, Issue 660, 8 January 2014, pambazuka.org/en/ category/comment/90083.

Lamtey G (2016) Project to create jobs for youth launched, The Citizen (Tanzania), 26 November 2016.

Laumann D (2012) Colonial Africa: 1884-1994 (African World Histories), Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Lawi J (2016) Hope in Obama’s youth initiative in Tanzania, The Guardian (Tanzania), 17 November 2016.

Lenin VI (1916;1939) Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, International Publishers, Moscow.

Lewis RC (1998) Walter Rodney’s Intellectual and Political Thought, Wayne State University Press, Barbados and Detroit.

Lewis S (2010) Neoliberalism, conflict of interest, and the governance of health research in Canada, Open Medicine, 1(1):28-30, www.openmedicine.ca.

Lindqvist S (1997) “Exterminate All the Brutes”: One Man’s Odyssey into the Heart of Darkness and the Origins of European Genocide, The New Press, New York.

Magdoff H (2003) Imperialism Without Colonies, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Mamdani M (1976) Politics and Class Formation in Uganda, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Mamdani M (1984) Imperialism and Fascism in Uganda, Africa World Press, New York.

Mamdani M (2005) Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror, Harmony, New York.

Mamdani M (2008a) Why Africans fight, The East African, 19 December 2008.

Mamdani M (2008b) Amnesty for Africa’s serial killers, The East African, 27 December 2008.

Mamdani M (2011) An African reflection on Tahrir Square, The East African, 16 May 2011.

Mamdani M (2012) Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity (The WEB Du Bois Lectures), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Maoulidi S (2009) Racial and religious tolerance in Nyerere’s political thought and practice, Pambazuka News, Issue No 452, 13 October 2009, www.pambazukanews.org

Mapolu H (editor) (1979) Workers and Management in Tanzania, Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam.

Mapolu H (1986) The state and the peasantry, in IG Shivji (editor) (1986):107—131.

Mapolu H (1990) Tanzania: Imperialism, the state and the peasantry, In HA Amara and B Founou-Tchuigoua (editors) African Agriculture: The Critical Choices, Zed Books, London, Chapter 8.

Marable M (1999) How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society, South End Press Classics Series, Boston, MA.

Mathur P (2013) Book Review: Define and Rule: Native as a Political Identity by Mahmood Mamdani, Asia Times, 2 August 2013.

Mayer M (2005) When clinical trials are compromised: A perspective from a patient advocate, PLoS Medicine, 2:e358.

Mazanza M (2016) ‘Mzungu kicha’ of Bongo Star Search fame roots for Kiswahili, The Guardian (Tanzania), 15 November 2016.

Mbilinyi M (1979) The Arusha Declaration and Education for Self-Reliance, In A Coulson (editor) (1979) African Socialism in Practice: The Tanzanian Experience, Spokesman, Nottingham.

McCauley L (2015) Exploitation of a higher kind: How the G7 is fuelling corporate dominion of Africa, Common Dreams, 3 June 2015, www. commondreams.org.

Mills G (2011) Why Africa is Poor and What Africans Can Do About It, Penguin Global, New York and London.

Mishambi GT (1977) The mystification of African history: a critique of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Utafiti (University of Dar es Salaam), 2(2):201-28.

Moore TJ (1995) Deadly Medicine: Why Tens of Thousands of Patients Died in America’s Worst Drug Disaster, Simon & Shuster, New York.

Mukerjee M (2011) Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II, Basic Books, New York.

Nkrumah K (1966) Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, International Publishers, London.

Nyerere JK (1967) Education for Self-Reliance, In JK Nyerere (1968) Freedom and Socialism: A Selection of Writings and Speeches, 1965—1967, Oxford University Press, Dar es Salaam and Oxford.

Oliver R and Fage JD (1962;1990) A Short History of Africa (sixth edition), Penguin Books, Harmondsworth.

Othman H (editor) (1980) The State in Tanzania: Who Controls It and Whose Interests Does It Serve? Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.

Othman H (2005) Walter Rodney – A revolutionary intellectual, In SY Othman (editor) (2014), pp 299—302.

Othman SY (editor) (2014) Yes, in My Life Time: Selected Works of Haroub Othman, Mkuki na Nyota & CODESRIA, Dar es Salaam & Dakar.

Perkins J (2005) Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, Plume, New York.

Pradella L and Marois T (2015) (editors) Polarising Development: Alternatives to Neoliberalism and the Crisis, Pluto Press, London.

Prashad V (2007) The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World, The New Press, New York.

Reader J (1999) Africa: A Biography of the Continent, Vintage, New York.

Reid RJ (2012) A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present (second edition), Wiley-Blackwell, New York.

Resnick IN (editor) (1968) Tanzania: Revolution by Education, Longmans of Tanzania Limited, Arusha.

Rostow WW (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth:  A Non-Communist Manifesto, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Rweyemamu JF (1973) Underdevelopment and Industrialization in Tanzania: A Study of Perverse Capitalist Industrial Development, Oxford University Press, Nairobi.

Said M (2014) Tanzania: A nation without heroes, Awaaz Magazine, 11(3):32–35, www.awaazmagazine.com.

Salkey A (1974) Joey Tyson, Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications, London.

Saul JS (1971) Who is the Immediate Enemy? MajiMaji, No. 1:9-15.

Saunders FS (2015) Stuck on the flypaper, London Review of Books, 37(07), www.lrb.co.uk/v37/n07/frances-stonorsaunders/stuck-on-the-flypaper.

Scott JW (2015) The new thought police, The Nation, 15 April 2015, www.the nation.com/article/204481/new-thought-police.

Sharife K (2009) Tanzania’s pot of gold: Not much revenue at the end of the rainbow, Pambazuka News, 1 October 2009, Issue 450, www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/59142.

Shaxson N (2012) Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men Who Stole the World, Vintage Books, London.

Shillington K (2012) History of Africa (third edition), Palgrave-MacMillan, New York.

Shivji IG (1970) The Silent Class Struggle, Cheche No 3 (University of Dar es Salaam), September 1970, Special Issue.

Shivji IG (1973) Tanzania: The Silent Class Struggle: With Commentaries by Walter Rodney, John Saul and Thomas Szentes, Zeni Press, UK.

Shivji IG (1976) Class Struggles in Tanzania, Heinemann, London.

Shivji IG (editor) (1987) State and the Working People in Tanzania, CODESRIA Book Series, Dakar.

Shivji IG (1993) Intellectuals at the Hill: Essays and Talks 1960—1993, Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.

Shivji IG (2012) Remembering Walter Rodney, Monthly Review, 64(7).

Smiley S (2010) Book Review: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Mosaic African Studies E-Journal (Howard University Department of History), 1(1).

Smulewitz-Zucker G and Thompson AJ (2015) The treason of intellectual radicalism and the collapse of leftist politics, Logos, logosjournal.com/2015/thompson-zucker/.

Swai B (1981) Rodney on scholarship and activism – Part 1, Journal of African Marxists, Issue 1: 31—43.

Swai B (1982) Rodney on scholarship and activism – Part 2, Journal of African Marxists, Issue 2: 38—52.

TANU (1967) The Arusha Declaration and TANU’s Policy of Socialism and Self-Reliance, TANU Publicity Section, Dar es Salaam.

TANU (1971) Mwongozo: TANU Guidelines, National Printing Company, Dar es Salaam.

TANU Youth League (1980) Special Issue on Walter Rodney, MajiMaji,  University of Dar es Salaam, No. 43.

Temu AJ and Swai B (1981) Historians and History: Africanist History Examined, Zed Press, London.

Thapar R (2013) The contribution of DD Kosambi to Indology, in M Kosambi (editor) (2013), pp 175—197.

Traboulsi F (2012) The Left in time of revolution. Socialist Project E-Bulletin, No 727, 11 November 2012, http://therealnews.com/t2/component/content/article/187-more-blog-posts-from-fawwaz-traboulsi/1318-the-left-in-time-of-revolution

The Citizen (2016a) Dar varsity revives History Association, The Citizen (Tanzania), 18 November 2016.

The Citizen (2016b) Researchers identify Africa’s tallest tree on Mt Kilimanjaro, The Citizen (Tanzania), 29 November 2016.

Therborn G (2012) Class in the 21st Century, New Left Review, 78:5 https://newleftreview.org/II/78/goran-therborn-class-in-the-21st-century

Tungaraza E (2016) Preparing students for the future, The Citizen (Tanzania), 2 November 2016.

Turse N (2015) The US military’s battlefield of tomorrow, Common Dreams, 15 April 2015, www.commondreams.org/views/ 2015/04/15/   us-militarys-battlefield-tomorrow.

Vine D (2015) Base Nation: How US Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World, Metropolitan Books, New York.

Von Freyhold M (1979) Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Wamba dia Wamba (1980) Walter Rodney and the role of the revolutionary intellectual in the neo-colonial countries, in TANU Youth League (1980).

Ward P and Kirschvink J (2015) A New History of Life, Bloomsbury Press, New York.

Westmas N (2012) Forty years of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Stabroek News, 10 June 2012.

Wikipedia (2014) Walter Rodney, Wikipedia, http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/ Walter_Rodney?oldid=62231619.

Wolf E (2014) Pillaging the World, Tectum Verlag, Berlin.

Wright DR and Reilly K (2010) The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: The History of Globalization in Numi, the Gambia, ME Sharp Inc., New York.

X Malcolm (1965) The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Grove Press, New York.

Zinn H (1980) A People’s History of the United States, Harper & Row, New York.

Zinn H (1990) The Politics of History (second edition), University of Illinois Press, Illinois.

Main Quotations

The Gandhi exchange on Western civilization appears in many places. But reliable evidence as to when and where it occurred is not available. The Madeline Albright quotes are extracted from https://williamblum.org/essays.