when the subject in a sentence performs the action

A fallacy that connects a real or perceived flaw in a person’s character or behavior to an issue he or she supports, asserting that the flaw in character makes the position on the issue wrong.

a speaker’s opinion about what should or should not be done

Advocacy is the promotion of an idea, cause, concept, or information; includes actions toward a specific goal; and finds solutions to current problems

Something happens where the audience is captivated by the speaker’s delivery of their argument

A humorous speech that makes a serious point. These speeches get their name from the fact that they historically follow a meal of some kind.

discrimination and/or prejudice based on one's age

repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sentence or passage

a brief account or story of an interesting or humorous event

when a speaker asks their audience to engage in a specific behavior or change in thinking

A fallacy that invovles arguing that traditional practice is the only reason for continuing a policy

takes place while listening to music, poetry, or literature, or watching a play or movie

A series of statements in support of a claim, assertion, or proposition

A presentation that does not occur with an audience in real time but is recorded and watched at later time.

the device a speaker uses at the beginning of a speech to capture an audience’s interest and make them interested in the speech’s topic

a positive or negative response to a person, idea, object, or policy

musical excerpts, audio speech excerpts, sound effects, etc.

process of gathering information about the people in your audience so that you can understand their needs, expectations, beliefs, values, attitudes, and likely opinions

communication apprehension prompted by specific audience characteristics including similarity, subordinate status, audience size, and familiarity.

A fallacy that asserts that because something is popular (or seems to be), it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

statements we hold to be true

the process and practice of searching to find ideas or information

creating a message that both relates to and implicates your audience; it is to summon

an audience that is required to be present or feel obligated to do so

the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as caring about the audience member

A fallacy that assumes that one thing causes another, but there is no logical connection between the two

organizational scheme where main points of a topic start with the cause, followed by the effect

a call to engage in some kind of activity that requires a contest or special effort

a graphical representation of data or a sketch representing an ordered process

the assumption that people today are superior to people who lived in earlier eras

grouping information based on time order or in a set chronology—e.g. first this occurred, then this, then this, then that

Listening to information that's relevant to your community/communities and using public outlets like voting, petitioning, or speaking to participate in democracy.

a declarative statement or assertion

information that is behind a paywall or requires a subscription

when we are confronted with conflicting information or viewpoints, we reach a state of dissonance, or tension between ideas and beliefs

Changing how you label the physiological responses you will experience when experiencing communication apprehension

A speech to pay tribute publicly by honoring, remember, or memorializing another person.

the degree to which a speaker is perceived to be knowledgeable or expert in a given subject by an audience member

listening focused on understanding and remembering important information from a public speaking message

essentially the final thought you want your audience members to have when you stop speaking

searching for or interpreting information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions

the idea suggested by or associated with a word at a cultural or personal level

communication creates meaning and, thus, reality

anxiety prompted by specific communication contexts

happening in a particular time and place

topics where people have deeply felt values and beliefs on different sides

evaluating the validity of the arguments and information and deciding whether the speaker is persuasive and whether the message should be accepted

decision-making based on evaluating and critiquing information— to identify, sort, and evaluate (mostly) scholarly information

Culture refers to the collection of language, values, beliefs, knowledge, rituals, and attitudes shared amongst a group

false statement of fact to damage a person’s character

Setting limits on what it means, how the audience should think about the word, and/or how you will use it

A speech that seeks to clarify or simplify concepts, theories, or ideas that an audience may be otherwise unfamiliar.

the process of discussing feasible choices that address community problems

how information is delivered

actions that attempt to manipulate by distorting an audience through prejudice and emotion

gender, age range, marital status, race, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity of the people in your audience

sociocultural characteristics that identify and characterize populations

the specific meaning associated with a word

visual representations that simplify a complex process

a type of transition that both reviews and previews

when someone purposefully twists information in a way that detracts from its original meaning

discrimination and/or prejudice based on perceived social status or value

the art of delivering speeches

understanding the feelings and motivations of another person, usually with a goal of helping

outcomes that you desire to achieve

the practice of what’s right, virtuous, or good

the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

speaker credibility

A speech given in honor of someone who has passed away.

proof or support for your claim

specific instances that illuminate a concept

the audience that’s present when a speaker directs their message

sorting information to find broad topics or ideas that you’ll narrow down later

the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes

erroneous conclusions or statements made from poor analyses

A fallacy that occurs when you are given only two options, but more than two options exist

using comparisons with objects, animals, activities, roles, or historical or literary figures

a small group of people who give you feedback about their perceptions

the unique set of perspectives, experience, knowledge, and values belonging to every individual

the right to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content and subject only to reasonable limitations

A pictorial representation of the relationships of quantitative data using dots, lines, bars, pie slices, and the like

A fallacy that involves making a generalization with too few examples

language directed against someone or a community’s nationality, race, gender, ability, sexuality, religion or citizenship

physical process in which sound waves hit your ear drums and send a message to your brain

a word or phrase where the meaning cannot be predicted from normal, dictionary definitions

the groups that are either represented and/or affected by our message.

the presentation of a short message without advance preparation

we often recognize the underlying warrant without it being explicitly stated

The ability to understand the message being communicated. Our minds can usually process much faster than a speaker can speak clearly. Also known as excess mental capacity.

A speech that seeks to share information that: a) increases audience understanding around a topic, b) provides an alternative, and/or c) raises awareness.

to affect or arouse someone

a type of connective statement that provides an overview of what is coming next within the main point

a type of connective statement that reviews what has been covered within the main point

one-on-one exchange in which you ask questions

a speech or document is not always written in the same order as the audience finally experiences it

specific, technical language that is used in a given community.

A speech focused on a key theme or idea—generally defined by the event or occasion— with the purpose of unification

fact-checking source claims by reading other sites and resources

a small raised surface, usually with a slanted top, where a speaker can place notes during a speech

an active process where you are specifically making an effort to understand, process, and retain information

Appeals to reason or logic

the word-for-word iteration of a written message

the tools or behaviors we employ to achieve a desired outcome

reciting a written message that the speaker has committed to memory

direct comparisons

a visual tool that allows you to chart and expand key topic ideas or concepts

A persuasive organizational structure that includes five steps — attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

a filter that informs our willingness to view a speaker as credible that is often based on dominant cultural norms and/or identities

stories that clarify, dramatize, and emphasize ideas

important deficiencies that we are motivated to resolve

anything, whether physical or mental, that interrupts the listening process

Online public speaking is a form of speaking for an audience that takes place through new media platforms.

information that is publicly available and accessible

allegorical anecdote designed to teach general life lessons

repetition of sentence structures

Appeals to emotion

process of tracking ideas, insights, or topics that you have experience with or interest in

“the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions” (Lucas, 2015, p. 306).

addressing a public controversy and advocating for a perspective that the speaker hopes the audience will adopt

using someone else’s words or ideas without giving credit

purposeful ways of repeating and restating parts of the speech to help the audience listen and retain the content

a raised platform or stage

Policy propositions identify a solution to correct the problem

disputing your negative thoughts and replacing them with positive ones

Visualization is the process of seeing something in your mind’s eye, positive visualization is literally imagining and picturing yourself in a positive way

When you speak, you are elevating certain perspectives, and those often lead to the empowerment or disempowerment of people, places, things or ideas. Communicating is never neutral because meaning is always being negotiated

comprehensive outlines that include all of the information in your speech, are written in full sentences, and include citations and a reference page

resources beyond the speech itself that a speaker uses to enhance the message conveyed to the audience

information at the beginning of a list

similar to cause/effect, but it also includes advocating for a key solution

biased or misleading information that promotes a particular agenda

Propositions of fact answer the question, “is this true?”

Propositions of value argue that something is good/bad or right/wrong

beliefs, attitudes, and values that your audience members embrace

community disputes that affect a large number of people

a speaker attempts to move an audience by advocating for a purposeful message—through informing, persuading, or entertaining—in a particular context.

fear associated with giving a public speech

discrimination and/or prejudice based on race

how quickly or slowly you say the words of your speech

A fallacy that involves creating a diversion or introducing an irrelevant point to distract someone or get someone off the subject of the argument.

to critically consider how our values, assumptions, actions, and communication affect others

the process of discovering new knowledge and investigating a topic from different points of view

a question that the audience is expected to answer in some manner.

a component of a conclusion in which a speaker revisits the main points of the speech

a question to which no actual reply is expected

we selectively attend to, perceive, and recall information that supports our existing viewpoints

the idea that humans remember information in a linear fashion

discrimination and/or prejudice based on biological sex or gender expression

a type of connective statement that alerts or signals the audience

closely related to metaphors, and use “like” or “as” when crafting a comparison

communication apprehension created by “the unique combination of influences generated by audience, time and context” (McCroskey, 2001)

A type of fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent events that cannot be prevented

a combination of characteristics including income, wealth, level of education, and occupational prestige

organization in space or direction

a keyword outline used to deliver a speech – often an extemporaneous speech

builds on your general purpose (such as to inform) and makes it more specific

A speech given by the recipient of a prize or honor.

A speech to recognize and celebrate the achievements of a graduating class or other group of people

A speech designed to highlight the importance of a building, award and/or other project and possibly those to whom the project has been dedicated.

A mini-speech given by the host of a ceremony that introduces another speaker

A brief speech given to accompany a prize or honor

Speeches that are commonly called “how to” speeches because they show the audience how to do something

A speech that seeks to provide a clear, vivid, and memorable picture of a person, place, thing, idea, or alternative

A speech that details processes or how something works, often explaining an otherwise complex, abstract, or unfamiliar idea to the audience

Speeches that celebrate and honor the person or group of individuals on a significant date – Veterans Day, for example

the collection, analysis, comparison, and interpretation of numerical data

generalizing about a group of people and assuming that because a few persons in that group have a characteristic, all of them do

A fallacy that shows only the weaker side of an opponent’s argument in order to more easily tear it down

how you effectively craft and execute your ideas, like word choice

a set of questions administered to several—or, preferably, many—respondents

a word, icon, gesture, picture, object, etc.—that stand in for and represent a thing or experience

A presentation that is experienced by an audience in real-time.

Members of the audience who you are seeking to influence with your message.

the words of others

a single, declarative statement that outlines the purpose of your speech

A speech designed to congratulate, appreciate, or remember.

grouping information into key categories

taking one characteristic of a group or person and making that the “totality” or sum total of what that person or group is

Trait anxiety measures how people feel in different contexts, some people feel more uncomfortable than the average person regardless of the context, audience, or situation.

a type of connective statement that bridges between main points

turning of the text where the literal meaning is changed or altered to provide new insight

the degree to which an audience member perceives a speaker as honest

goals we strive for and what we consider important and desirable

what symbols you select and how you portray them

the process of imagining the words as they’re written to insert purposeful, punctuated pauses to conclude key thoughts

pictures, diagrams, charts and graphs, maps, and the like

Language that evokes the senses and is language that arouses the sensations of smelling, tasting, seeing, hearing, and feeling

pronouncing words correctly and the expression of words and language

e.g. “like, and, so, uh.”

the relative softness or loudness of one’s voice

an audience that gathers because they want to hear the speech, attend the event, or participate in an event

Warrants connect the evidence and the claim

A webinar is a meeting or presentation over the Internet using a tool web conferencing tools