14

Greek Prepositions

Prepositions in Greek for the most part work as they do in English (S 1636 ff.). The principal difference is that the object of a Greek preposition must be inflected in either the genitive, dative, or accusative case. The preposition together with its object is called a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.

The original or core meaning of Greek prepositions often indicates DIRECTION. This chart shows the directions that each case generally indicates:

Three prepositions illustrate this dynamic. Note that these three have no accent.

• εἰς or ἐς + acc. into
  • εἰς τὸ στόμα into the mouth
• ἐν + dat. in
  • ἐν τῷ στόματι in the mouth
• ἐκ + gen. from, out of
  • ἐκ τοῦ στόματος out of the mouth
• ἐκ becomes ἐξ before a vowel:
  • ἐξ αἵματος out of blood

Accents, Elision, and Aspiration

Prepositions – with the exception of εἰς, ἐν, and ἐκ – normally have an ACUTE accent. If the preposition has two syllables, the acute falls on the ULTIMA.

ELISION is common with prepositions; they frequently drop their final vowel before a word beginning with a vowel. In such cases, the preposition has NO ACCENT. There are two important exceptions: περί and πρό. Neither allows for elision.

After a preposition drops its final vowel, if it then ends in a STOP CONSONANT, that consonant becomes ASPIRATED if the following word begins with an aspirated – i.e., marked with a rough breathing – vowel or diphthong.

• ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλπίδος
  • from the hope
• ἀπ’ ἐλπίδος
  • from hope
• ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος
  • from the blood
• ἀφ’ αἵματος
  • from blood

Prepositions + Accusative Case

• ἀμφί around, about
• ἀνά up, through
• διά because of, through
• εἰς/ἐς into
• ἐπί against
• κατά down, along, according to
• μετά after, behind
• παρά to, throughout, beside
• περί near, around
• πρός toward
• ὑπέρ above, over, beyond
• ὑπό under

Prepositions + Dative Case

• ἀμφί around, near
• ἀνά upon
• ἐν in
• ἐπί on, for the purpose of, because of
• παρά with, near
• περί about
• πρός by, in addition to
• σύν with (the help of)
• ὑπό under

Prepositions + Genitive Case

• ἀμφί around, for the sake of
• ἀντί opposite, instead of, for the sake of
• ἀπό from
• διά through
• ἐκ from
• ἐπί on, at
• κατά  down, against
• μετά with
• παρά from
• περί about
• πρό before, in front of
• πρός toward, (swear) by
• ὑπέρ over, on behalf of
• ὑπό under, by

The Man and the Lion

Note the following story of a man and a lion (ὁ λέων, λέοντος), which illustrates well some of the most common prepositions and their cases.

Prepositions as Prefixes

Prepositions often double as prefixes for verbs. The core meanings of the most common prefixes are as follows.

• ἀμφί around
• ἀνά up
• ἀντί back
• ἀπό from
• διά through
• εἰς into
• ἐκ out of
• ἐν in
• ἐπί on
• κατά down
• μετά with
• παρά beside, to
• περί around
• πρό before
• πρός toward
• σύν with
• ὑπέρ above
• ὑπό under

Prefixes, Elision, and Aspiration

When prefixes are attached to verbs, any final vowel drops out – or ELIDES – if the tense stem to which it is added begins with a vowel. As with prepositions, the prefixes περί and πρό are an exception to this rule, and do not elide. If a prefix drops its final vowel, the remaining consonant becomes ASPIRATED if the tense stem begins with an aspirated vowel or diphthong.

We have encountered in earlier lessons some verbs that have prefixes. Note the changes that occur to the prefixes in some of these examples.

• ἀνίστημι (ἀνα + ἵστημι) raise, appoint
• ἀποδίδωμι (ἀπο + δίδωμι) give back
• ἀφίημι (ἀπο + ἵημι) let go, allow, forgive
• ἐπιτίθημι (ἐπι + τίθημι) put on
• καθίστημι (κατα + ἵστημι) set down, establish
• παραδίδωμι (παρα + δίδωμι) hand over, deliver
• πάρειμι (παρα + εἰμί) be present
• παρίστημι (παρα + ἵστημι) present
• προστίθημι (προς + τίθημι) add to

ἐν, ἐγ-, ἐμ- in
σύν, συγ-, συμ-, συλ- with

When the prepositions ἐν and σύν are used as prefixes, they retain these forms when the verb begins with a vowel. When the verb begins with a consonant, they ASSIMILATE with this consonant.

• They retain their form (ἐν– and συν–) before a dental (τ, δ, θ)
• They become ἐμ– and συμ– before a labial (π, β, φ, ψ)
• They become ἐγ– and συγ– before a palatal (κ, γ, χ, ξ)
• συν becomes συλ– before λ.

For example:

• ἐν + βάλλω throw
  • ἐμβάλλω throw in; hand in
• σύν + λαμβάνω take
  • συλλαμβάνω collect; gather together
• ἐν + ἐργέω work
  • ἐνεργέω be in action; be efficient; operate

Further Uses of the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative without Prepositions

Because this chapter introduces the nuances of these three cases regarding MOTION when combined with prepositions, it is also useful to discuss further independent uses of these cases (meaning WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS) to indicate different valences of TIME. In general, the genitive expresses time “within which,” the dative indicates time “at or on which,” and the accusative signals time “during which.”

See below for examples for the three usages:

• Genitive: ὁ ἄρχων ἐθέλει ἀποδιδόναι τὰ χρήματα πέντε ἡμέρων – “the ruler is willing to give back the money within five days” (πέντε = “five”; ἡμέρων = the genitive plural of the word for “day”)
• Dative: τῇ πέμπτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ὁ ἄρχων ἀποδίδωσι τὰ χρήματα – “on the fifth day he/she gives back the money” (πέμπτῃ = “fifth”; ἡμέρᾳ = the dative singular of the word for “day”)
• Accusative: πέντε ἡμέρας ὁ ἄρχων ἀποδίδωσι τὰ χρήματα “for/during/over the course of five days the ruler gives back the money” (ἡμέρας = the accusative plural of the word for “day”)

Note again how in all of these instances the genitive, dative, and accusative are used without prepositions to express these difference aspects of time.

– τὸ τέλος –