Chapter Credits

Introduction: What is Art? – An Introduction to Art History

“Art history and world art history,” in Smarthistory, January 12, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/world-art-history/. Accessed July 29, 2022.

Glass, Robert. “What is art history and where is it going?,” in Smarthistory, October 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/what-is-art-history/. Accessed July 29, 2022.

Kilroy-Ewbank, Lauren. “Introduction: Close looking and approaches to art,” in Smarthistory, December 16, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/introduction-close-looking-approaches/. Accessed July 29, 2022.

_____. “Introduction: Learning to look and think critically,” in Smarthistory, January 11, 2022, https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/introduction-learning-to-look/. Accessed July 29, 2022.

Chapter 1: Prehistory – Art before the Written Record

Fisher, Michelle Millar. “Prehistory and Prehistoric Art in Europe.” Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Amy Raffel and Jon Mann, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/prehistory-and-prehistoric-art-in-europe/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

German, Senta. “Çatalhöyük.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/catalhoyuk/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

_____. “Stonehenge.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/stonehenge/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

_____. “The Neolithic Revolution.” Smarthistory, June 08, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/the-neolithic-revolution/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

Harris, Beth, and Stephen Zucker. “Paleolithic art, an introduction,” Smarthistory, June 08, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/paleolithic-art-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

Looney, Beth. “Lascaux.” Smarthistory, November 19, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/hall-of-bulls-lascaux/.  Accessed 4 November 2019.

Tedesco, Laura Anne. “Introduction to Prehistoric Art, 20,000–8000 B.C.,” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/preh/hd_preh.htm (August 2007)

Zucker, Steven, and Beth Harris, “Common questions about dates.” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/common-questions-about-dates/. Accessed June 22, 2022.

Zygmont, Bryan. “Venus of Willendorf,” Smarthistory, November 21, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/venus-of-willendorf/. Accessed 4 Nov2019.

Chapter 2: Mesopotamia – the Cradle of Civilization

Becker, Jeffrey A. “Persepolis: The Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes.” Smarthistory, January 24, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/persepolis-the-audience-hall-of-darius-and-xerxes/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

The British Museum. “Babylonia, an introduction.” Smarthistory, August 29, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/babylonia-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

The British Museum. “Standard of Ur and other objects from the Royal Graves.” Smarthistory, December 18, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/standard-of-ur-2/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “Assyria, 1365–609 B.C.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/assy/hd_assy.htm (originally published October 2004, last revised April 2010)

Fisher, Michelle Millar. “Art of the Ancient Near East.” Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Amy Raffel and Jon Mann, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/art-of-the-ancient-near-east-2/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

German, Senta. “Akkad, an introduction.” Smarthistory, June 08, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/art-of-akkad-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Ancient Near East: Cradle of civilization.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/ancient-near-east-cradle-of-civilization/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

_____. “Ancient Persia, an introduction.” Smarthistory, June 08, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/persian-art-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Assyria, an introduction.” Smarthistory, May 14, 2019, https://smarthistory.org/assyrian-art-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/hammurabi/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Sumer, an introduction.” Smarthistory, June 08, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/sumerian-art-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

_____. “The Ishtar Gate and Neo-Babylonian art and architecture.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/neo-babylonian/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Ziggurat of Ur.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/ziggurat-of-ur/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

Knott, Elizabeth. “The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004–1595 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isin/hd_isin.htm (February 2017)

“Mesopotamia, 8000–2000 B.C.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02&region=wam (October 2000)

Pouysségur, Patrick. “Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.” Louvre Museum. https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022337/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/victory-stele-naram-sin. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

Chapter 3: Egypt – Land of the Pharaohs

Calvert, Amy. “Ancient Egypt, an introduction.” Smarthisotry, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/ancient-egypt-an-introduction/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Ancient Egyptian Art.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/ancient-egyptian-art/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Palette of King Narmer.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/palette-of-king-narmer/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/pyramid-of-khafre-and-the-great-sphinx/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Pyramid of Khufu.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/pyramid-of-khufu/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “Pyramid of Menkaure.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/pyramid-of-menkaure/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

_____. “The Great Pyramids of Giza” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-great-pyramids-of-giza/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

Cummins, Elizabeth. “Temple of Amun-Re and the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak.” Smarthistory, August 08, 2015,, https://smarthistory.org/temple-of-amun-re-and-the-hypostyle-hall-karnak/. Accessed 4 Nov 2019.

“The Early Dynastic Period.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-early-dynastic-period/. Accessed 10 Dec 2019.

Hill, Marsha. “Art, Architecture, and the City in the Reign of Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (ca. 1353–1336 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amar/hd_amar.htm (November 2014)

“Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Art.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/introduction-to-ancient-egyptian-art/. Accessed 10 Dec 2019.

“The Middle Kingdom.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-middle-kingdom/. Accessed 10 Dec 2019.

“The New Kingdom.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-new-kingdom/. Accessed 10 Dec 2019.

“The Old Kingdom.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-old-kingdom/. Accessed 10 Dec 2019.

Oppenheim, Adela. “Egypt in the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2030–1650 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mking/hd_mking.htm (February 2019)

Prakash, Tara. “Egypt in the Old Kingdom (ca. 2649–2130 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/oking/hd_oking.htm (February 2019)

Roehrig, Catharine H. “Egypt in the New Kingdom (ca. 1550–1070 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nking/hd_nking.htm (October 2000)Sarathy, Jennifer. “Art of Ancient Egypt.” Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Amy Raffel, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/art-of-ancient-egypt/. Accessed 4 November 2019.

Chapter 4: The Classical World – Greece and the Ancient Aegean

“The Archaic Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-archaic-period/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

The British Museum, “Ancient Greece, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, February 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/ancient-greece-an-introduction/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

Culotta, Alexis. “Greek Art,” in Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Jon Mann and Kaegan Sparks, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/greek-art/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

Department of Greek and Roman Art. “Geometric Art in Ancient Greece,” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grge/hd_grge.htm (October 2004)

“The Early Classical Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-early-classical-period/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

“The Geometric Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-geometric-period/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

German, Senta. “Bull-leaping fresco from the palace of Knossos,” in Smarthistory, August 15, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/bull-leaping-fresco/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

Gondek, Renee M. “Introduction to ancient Greek art,” in Smarthistory, August 14, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/greek_intro/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

“The Hellenistic Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-hellenistic-period/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Hemingway, Colette, and Seán Hemingway. “Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition,” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht.htm (April 2007)

_____. “Minoan Crete,” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mino/hd_mino.htm (October 2002)

_____. “Mycenaean Civilization,” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/myce/hd_myce.htm (October 2003)

_____. “The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B.C.),” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tacg/hd_tacg.htm (January 2008)

“The High Classical Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-high-classical-period/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

Hohensee, Naraelle. “Aegean Art,” in Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Jon Mann, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/aegean-art/. Accessed 28 Dec 2019.

“Minoan Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/minoan-art/. Accessed 28 Dec 2019.

“Mycenaean Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/mycenaean-art/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

“The Orientalizing Period,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-orientalizing-period/. Accessed 30 Dec 2019.

Chapter 5: Rise of an Empire – Etruria and the Roman World

Ambler, Jessica Leay. “Introduction to ancient Roman art,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-ancient-roman-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Becker, Jeffrey A. “Column of Trajan,” in Smarthistory, November 7, 2020, https://smarthistory.org/column-of-trajan/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Ara Pacis,” in Smarthistory, October 4, 2020, https://smarthistory.org/ara-pacis/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

The British Museum. “Introduction to ancient Rome,” in Smarthistory, March 1, 2017, ahttps://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-ancient-rome/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Decline of the Roman Empire,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-decline-of-the-roman-empire/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Early Empire,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-early-empire/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Early Etruscan Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/early-etruscan-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Findley, Andrew. “Arch of Constantine,” in Smarthistory, November 25, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/arch-of-constantine-rome/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Nervan-Antonines,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-nervan-antonines/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Ranogajec, Paul A. “The Pantheon,” in Smarthistory, December 11, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-pantheon/.Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Republic,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-republic/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Taylor, Laurel. “Temple of Minerva and the sculpture of Apollo (Veii),” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/temple-of-minerva-and-the-sculpture-of-apollo-veii/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “The Etruscans, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-etruscans-an-introduction/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Chapter 6: The End of an Era – Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire

“Early Byzantine Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/early-byzantine-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Early Jewish and Christian Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/early-jewish-and-christian-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Farber, Allen. “Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/early-christian-art-and-architecture-after-constantine/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Early Christian Art,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/early-christian-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Early Christianity, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/early-christianity-an-introduction/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Freeman, Evan. “About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire,” in Smarthistory, September 22, 2020, https://smarthistory.org/periods-of-the-byzantine-empire/. Accessed July 18, 2022.

Hammerman, Jessica, and Shaina Hammerman. “Jewish history to the middle ages,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/jewish-history-to-the-middle-ages/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Hurst, Ellen. “A beginner’s guide to Byzantine Art,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2014, https://smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-byzantine-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Late Byzantine Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/late-byzantine-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Middle Byzantine Art,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/middle-byzantine-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Reilly, Diane. “Classicism and the Early Middle Ages,” in Smarthistory, June 12, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/classicism-and-the-early-middle-ages/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Chapter 7: Encoding Divine Revelation – Art of the Islamic World

Chapter 8: The Art of Christendom – The Middle Ages in Europe

Bolli, Christine M. “Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/pilgrimage-routes-and-the-cult-of-the-relic. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

The British Museum. “Anglo-Saxon England,” in Smarthistory, February 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/anglo-saxon-england/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Sutton Hoo Ship Burial,” in Smarthistory, March 3, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-ship-burial/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “The Sutton Hoo helmet,” in Smarthistory, March 3, 2017, accessed July 29, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-helmet/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Carolingians.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-carolingians/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Durantas. Berfu. ““Throne of Wisdom” sculptures,” in Smarthistory, January 22, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/throne-of-wisdom-sculptures/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Early Middle Ages.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-early-middle-ages/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Freeman, Jennifer Awes. “Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels,” in Smarthistory, September 15, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/coronation-gospels/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Palatine Chapel, Aachen,” in Smarthistory, September 15, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/palatine-chapel-aachen/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Gothic Architecture.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/gothic-architecture/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Gothic Painting.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/gothic-painting/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Gothic Sculpture.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/gothic-sculpture/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Introduction to Gothic Art.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/introduction-to-gothic-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Introduction to Gothic Art.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/introduction-to-gothic-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Ottonians.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-ottonians/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Petzold, Andreas. “A beginner’s guide to Romanesque art,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-romanesque-art/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Gospel Book of Otto III,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/gospel-book-of-otto-iii/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Pritchard, Shannon. “”Saint-Pierre, Moissac,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/saint-pierre-moissac/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Reilly, Diane. “The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy,” in Smarthistory, May 5, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/the-art-of-conquest-in-england-and-normandy/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Romanesque Architecture.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/romanesque-architecture/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Romanesque Period.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-romanesque-period/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“Romanesque Sculpture.” Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/romanesque-sculpture/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Ross, Nancy. “A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/a-new-pictorial-language-the-image-in-early-medieval-art/. Accessed July 25, 2022.

_____. “Bible moralisée (moralized bibles),” in Smarthistory, January 21, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/bible-moralisee-moralized-bibles/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Carolingian art, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, July 6, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/carolingian-art-an-introduction/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Introduction to the Middle Ages,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-the-middle-ages/. Accessed July 25, 2022.

_____. “Röttgen Pietà,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/roettgen-pieta/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Spanswick, Valerie. “A beginner’s guide to Romanesque architecture,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-romanesque-architecture/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Gothic architecture, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/gothic-architecture-an-introduction/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Medieval churches: sources and forms,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/medieval-churches-sources-and-forms/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Sorabella, Jean. “Carolingian Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/caro/hd_caro.htm (December 2008).

_____. “Ottonian Art.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/oton/hd_oton.htm (September 2008)

Tanton, Kristine. “The Bayeux Tapestry,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-bayeux-tapestry/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Valdes, Victoria. “Ottonian art, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, December 25, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/ottonian-art-an-introduction/Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Woodville, Louisa. “The Lindisfarne Gospels,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-lindisfarne-gospels/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Chapter 9: Empires of the East – Art of Ancient China

Asian Art Museum. “An introduction to ancient China,” in Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china/a/an-introduction-to-ancient-china. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “An Introduction to the Tang dynasty (618–906),” in Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-asia/imperial-china/tang-dynasty/a/an-introduction-to-the-tang-dynasty-618906. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Introduction to China,” in Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-asia/imperial-china/beginners-guide-imperial-china/a/introduction-to-china. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Introduction to the Shang Dynasty,” in Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-asia/imperial-china/shang-dynasty/a/introduction-to-the-shang-dynasty. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Brennan, Kristen Loring, Beth Harris, and Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art. “Oracle Bone, Shang Dynasty,” in Smarthistory, October 8, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/oracle-bone/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

The British Museum. “Chinese jade: an introduction,” in Smarthistory, February 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/chinese-jade-an-introduction/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

_____. “The paintings and manuscripts from cave 17 at Mogao (1 of 2),” in Smarthistory, March 3, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/the-paintings-and-manuscripts-from-cave-17-at-mogao-1-of-2/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “The paintings and manuscripts from cave 17 at Mogao (2 of 2),” in Smarthistory, March 3, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/the-paintings-and-manuscripts-from-cave-17-at-mogao-2-of-2/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Chinese landscape painting,” in Smarthistory, February 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/chinese-landscape-painting/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

_____. “Mountings: hanging scrolls, handscrolls, fans and the album leaf,” in Smarthistory, June 14, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/mountings-chinese-paintings/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Bronze Age,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-bronze-age-2/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

Jennifer N. McIntire. “Mogao caves at Dunhuang,” in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/mogao-caves-at-dunhuang/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

McIntire, Jennifer N., and Wu Hung. “Funeral banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui),” in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/funeral-banner-of-lady-dai-xin-zhui/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

“The Neolithic Age,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-neolithic-age/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

“The Qin Dynasty,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-qin-dynasty/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art. “Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.), an introduction,” in Smarthistory, April 6, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/han-dynasty-intro/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

_____. “Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1050 B.C.E.), an introduction,” in Smarthistory, April 6, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/shang-dynasty-introduction/. Accessed 21 Jul 2021.

_____. “Song dynasty (960–1279), an introduction,” in Smarthistory, April 23, 2021, https://smarthistory.org/song-dynasty-intro/. Accessed July 22, 2021.

Chapter 10: Mesoamerica and the Andes – Art of the Native Americas

Cohen-Aponte, Ananda. “Introduction to Ancient Andean Art,” in Smarthistory, June 18, 2019, https://smarthistory.org/introduction-to-ancient-andean-art/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

The British Museum. “Maya: The Yaxchilán Lintels,” in Smarthistory, March 1, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/maya-the-yaxchilan-lintels/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

_____, “More on the Aztecs (Mexica),” in Smarthistory, February 28, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/aztec-mexica-an-introduction/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

Yantz, Jayne. “Nasca Geoglyphs,” in Smarthistory, October 1, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/nasca-geoglyphs/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

Kilroy-Ewbank, Lauren. “Mesoamerica, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, September 12, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/mesoamerica-an-introduction/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

Martin, Lois. “The Paracas Textile,” in Smarthistory, August 9, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/the-paracas-textile/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

Jiménez, Maya. “The Maya, an introduction,” in Smarthistory, August 19, 2016, https://smarthistory.org/maya-intro/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

“Mesoamerica,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/mesoamerica/. Accessed 22 Jul 2021.

“The New World,” in Boundless Art History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-new-world/. Accessed 22 Jul 2021.

Scher, Sarahh. “Introduction to the Inka,” in Smarthistory, September 15, 2017, https://smarthistory.org/inka-intro2/. Accessed 23 Jul 2021.

Interpreting History: the Importance and Limitations of Source Materials

“Battle of Kadesh.” Wikipedia, 31 May 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh. Accessed 06 Jul 2021. CC BY-SA 3.0

Berger, Eugene; Israel, George; Miller, Charlotte; Parkinson, Brian; Reeves, Andrew; and Williams, Nadejda, “World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500” (2016). History Open Textbooks. 2. https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/2. CC BY-SA 4.0

Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Vol. 3, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1906, p. 153-4.

Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Vol. New ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 2005, p. 240.

Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty.” Wikipedia, 03 June 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty. Accessed 06 Jul 2021. CC BY-SA 3.0

“The Study of History.” Boundless World History, Lumen Learning, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-study-of-history/. Accessed 10 Sep 2020.

Suhr, Robert Collins. “Battle of Kadesh.” HistoryNet, Aug 1995, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh. Accessed 06 Jul 2021.

Iconography of Authority: Depicting Power in the Ancient World

Fischer, Julia. “Augustus of Primaporta,” in Smarthistory, November 6, 2020, https://smarthistory.org/augustus-of-primaporta/. Accessed 31 Dec 2019.

Mittman, Asa Simon. “Power: comparisons and connections,” in Smarthistory, August 13, 2019, https://smarthistory.org/power-comparisons-and-connections/. Accessed 09 Jul 2021.

_____. “Power: spotlight — The Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi,” in Smarthistory, August 19, 2019, https://smarthistory.org/terracotta-army-emperor-qin-shi-huangdi/. Accessed 09 Jul 2021.

Who Owns Culture?: the Preservation and Destruction of Cultural Heritage

Franchi, Elena. “What is cultural heritage?.” in Smarthistory, https://smarthistory.org/what-is-cultural-heritage-2/. Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

Harris, Beth, and Steven Zucker. “ARCHES, an introduction.” in Smarthistory, https://smarthistory.org/arches-intro/. Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

Kousser, Rachel. “Destruction, Memory, and Monuments: The Many Lives of the Parthenon.” in Smarthistory, https://smarthistory.org/destruction-memory-and-monuments-the-many-lives-of-the-parthenon/. Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

Mulder, Stephennie, and Debora Trein. “Cultural heritage “in crisis”.” in Smarthistory, March 29, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/cultural-heritage-in-crisis/. Accessed July 19, 2022.

_____. “What can be done to protect cultural heritage?.” in Smarthistory, https://smarthistory.org/protect-cultural-heritage/. Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

Reymond, Rhonda. “Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and Destruction.” Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Jon Mann, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/art-and-cultural-heritage-looting-and-destruction/. Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

Sacred Spaced, Sacred Realms: Religious Centers and Pilgrimage Routes

Arjana, Spohia, “Islamic pilgrimages and sacred spaces,” in The British Library, September 23, 2019, https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/islamic-pilgrimages-and-sacred-spaces. Accessed July 21, 2022.

Bolli, Christine M. “Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015,  https://smarthistory.org/pilgrimage-routes-and-the-cult-of-the-relic/. Accessed July 26, 2022.

DeWitte, Debra. “Sacred Spaces.” Art History Teaching Resources, edited by Amy Raffel, http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/sacred-spaces/, Accessed 10 Nov 2020.

Freeman, Jennifer Awes. “Architecture and liturgy,” in Smarthistory, August 8, 2015, https://smarthistory.org/architecture-and-liturgy/. Accessed July 22, 2022.

Littleton, C. Scott. “Sacred Places.” In New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Encyclopedia.com, June 22 2022, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/latin-america-and-caribbean/cuban-history/sacred-places. Accessed July 26, 2022.

“Sacred Space,” in Encyclopedia of Religion, Encyclopedia.com. June 21, 2022, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sacred-space. Accessed July 26, 2022.

“Sacred Space,” in Wikipedia, May 25, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_space. Accessed July 26, 2022.

Shelby, Karen, “The Great Stupa at Sanchi,” in Smarthistory, December 14, 2018, https://smarthistory.org/the-stupa-sanchi/. Accessed July 26, 2022.

Sorabella, Jean. “Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pilg/hd_pilg.htm (April 2011)