components of the cytoskeleton; composed of polymers of actin, and interact with numerous other intracellular proteins

enzyme with key regulatory roles in all cells

polypeptide produced by the anterior pituitary; increases production and release of cortisol

an organic compound containing a carboxyl group ((-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2) attached to a central carbon atom. The identity of an amino acid is based on what other molecules are attached to the central carbon atom.

process resulting in energy release which utilizes carbohydrates and fats, using nitrates as a terminal electron acceptor

absence of a normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen

a triplet of nucleobases on tRNA; corresponds to specific codons on mRNA

any cell that assists in the immune responses by displaying antigens in association with their MHC II receptor; T cells may then recognize these antigens via their T cell receptors

membrane-bound protein which carries two similarly-charged molecules in opposite directions

non-coding strand of DNA

proton-transporting complex that phosphorylates ADP into ATP

nonmenranous intracellular organelles composed of tubulin; serves as an organizing center for spindle fibres which attach to the centromere of chromosomes during cell division

small signalling proteins which induce chemotaxis or cell movement

cell of the gastric mucosa that produces pepsinogen

production of identical daughter cells from a single cell

a set of three nucleotides in mRNA which correspond to the anticodon on tRNA

main extracellular structural protein; main component of connective tissues

shape or structure of a molecule

peptide produced by the hypothalamus; part of the stress response

glucocorticoid involved in the stress response; regulates metabolism and sugar homeostasis

factors secreted by cells (particularly but not exclusively immune cells) which affect other cells; includes interferons and interleukins

danger or alarm signals that can initiate an inflammatory response; may be nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins released by damaged cells

extracellular matrix protein that is able to coil, and uncoil; allows many tissues in the body to resume shape after stretching

aerobic process which occurs via electron-carrying molecules anchored on the inner mitochondrial membrane; electrons are transferred from donors to receptors via redox reactions, releasing energy

intracellular membranous organelle (ER). Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis. Smooth ER is the site of fat and steroid metabolism.

membrane-bound intracellular compartment that is part of the endocytotic pathway

type of glial cell lining the ventricles of the brain

lightly-packed chromatin that is enriched in genes

tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors

a protein that is a principal component of bacterial flagella

guanine nucleotide-binding protein; a family of proteins that act as molecular 'switches' in cells

cells which give rise to gametes (sperm or eggs)

supporting cell of the nervous system

lipids with an attached carbohydrate; help maintain stability of cell membrane

metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and hydrogen; produces ATP

proteins with attached oligosaccharides

packages secreting proteins into vesicles

tightly-packed DNA, coiled around histone proteins

a class of G-protein-coupled receptors that bind histamine; four types have been identified

proteins with a sequence similarity to insulin; part of a complex signalling system between cells and the environment.

junction between cardiac cells; contains gap junction and specialized adhesion proteins

component of the cytoskeleton; form a fibrous network within cells

pore-forming membrane proteins which allow specific ions to pass via concentration gradients

inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to a specific molecule

product of anaerobic metabolism

molecule that binds to a receptor; may be a protein or lipids

class of non-polar molecules including fats, waxes, sterols, and lipid-soluble proteins

lipopolysacchride; large molecule consisting of a lipid, a polysaccharide, and an 'O-antigen'. Component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls

small membranous intracellular vacuole containing various hydrolases involved in protein degradation

cell surface proteins that bind to non-self proteins, making them accessible to binding with other receptors

a form of RNA from which genetic information is translated into protein

polymers of tubulin proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton; help maintain cell structure and are involved in intracellular transport

the amount of substance that will react with a certain number of hydrogen ions

membranous intracellular organelle; site of energy production and calcium storage

proteins which translocate along the cytoskeleton, utilizing energy to move other molecules. Examples include dynein and kinesin, which are involved in neuronal transport.

nitrogen-containing compounds which can pair with other compatible nucleobases by means of hydrogen bonding

a type of protoplasm contained within the nucleus; includes chromosomes as well as nucleotides, enzymes, and cofactors

a molecule consisting of a nucleoside (a 5-carbon sugar) with a phosphate group

double-membrane intracellular organelle; location of genetic material

coating and making a molecule more susceptible to phagocytosis

gastric epithelial cell which secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

small molecules conserved in microbes; activate innate immune responses

membrane-bound intracellular organelle; generates peroxides that are involved in lipid metabolism and bacterial killing

membrane-bound protein that binds to specific molecules called ligands

a polymer consisting of a few or many amino acid molecules; forms part (or the whole) of a protein

clusters of ribosomes attached to a single strand of RNA

DNA sequences that determine where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins

three-carbon molecule that is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle

non-coding RNA that is a component of ribosomes

coding strand of DNA

electrogenic enzyme which utilizes ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium transported into the cell

membrane-bound protein which carried two different ions in the same direction

multiple nuclei in a common cytoplasmic compartment

nucleic acid sequence at the end of a gene; triggers the release of a newly-synthesized mRNA sequence

a way of expressing concentration; corresponds to a dilution factor that still yields a positive reading

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, or cachexin, a cell signalling protein involved in systemic inflammation and the acute phase reaction

class of transmembrane proteins that recognize structurally-conserved molecules from microbes' found on immune sentinel cells such as dendritic cells or macrophages

proteins which control the rate of transcription of DNA into mRNA; specific transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences

the process by which a sequence of mRNA is converted into a protein

series of chemical reactions occurring within mitochondria; releases stored energy via oxidation of acetyl-CoA