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First Aorist Active Participle

The pattern to form the FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participle is:

• verb stem + σα + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of first aorist active participles:

• Masculine: (-σαντς→-σανς→) –σας
• Feminine: (-σαντσα→-σανσα→) –σασα
• Neuter: (-σαντ→) –σαν

In other words, to form the first aorist active participle, add the inflected athematic endings of ς, σα, ν to the aorist stem (i.e. verb stem + σα). As with present active participles:

• A σ is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE
• 1st declension endings for the FEMININE are ᾰ in the nom. and acc. sing.
• The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.

Finally, remember that only past tense INDICATIVE verbs receive an AUGMENT. Participles, like infinitives, receive no augment.

Having loosened: First Aorist Active Participle of λύω loosen (S 306; GPH, p. 191)

Second Aorist Active Participle: Thematic

The pattern to form the SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participle is:

• verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

If the SECOND AORIST is THEMATIC, sound changes yield endings identical with the nominative singular of thematic present active participles:

• • Masculine: (-οντς→-ονς→) –ων
  • Feminine: (-οντσα→-ονσα→) –ουσα
  • Neuter: (-οντ→) –ον

There are two differences between the ACTIVE THEMATIC participles of the PRESENT and the SECOND AORIST:

• Stem
  • The PRESENT uses the PRESENT TENSE stem
  • The SECOND AORIST uses the VERB stem
• Accent
  • The PRESENT accents the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the TENSE STEM
  • The SECOND AORIST accents the THEMATIC VOWEL sound

In other words, to form the second aorist active thematic participle, add –ών  –οῦσα –όν to the verb stem.

Having taken: Second Aorist Active Participle of λαμβάνω take (S 305a; GPH, p. 193)

Second Aorist Active Participle: Athematic

Athematic (-μι) second aorist verbs have no thematic vowel before the ντ marker. The result is the following pattern:

• verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

As with present active athematic participles, predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of athematic present active participles:

• Masculine: (-ντς→-νς→) –ς
• Feminine: (-ντσα→-νσα→) –σα
• Neuter: (-ντ→) –ν

In other words, for athematic verbs, simply add ς, σα, ν as an ending to the verb stem. Note that for δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, and ἵημι, the AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the REDUPLICATION in the present:

• διδούς/δούς
• τιθείς/θείς
• ἱστάς/στάς
• ἱείς/εἵς

Having given: Aorist Active Participle of δίδωμι give (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 206)

Having placed, made: Aorist Active Participle of τίθημι place, make (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 214)

Recall that ἵστημι has two aorists; the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. Both aorists have their own participial forms:

Having stood (something up): First Aorist Active Participle of ἵστημι stand (S 306)

Having stood: Second Aorist Active Participle of ἵστημι stand (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 210)

Having thrown: Aorist Active Participle of ἵημι throw (S 777)

Summary of the Active Voice

To summarize, the patterns to form participles in the active voice are as follows:

Present Tense

• Athematic: present stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
• Thematic: present stem + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

Future Tense

• All Verbs: verb stem + σ + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

Aorist Tense

• First Aorist: verb stem + σα + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
• Second Aorist Thematic: verb stem + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
• Second Aorist Athematic: verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings

Participles: Middle Voice

Middle Participles

The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:

• tense stem + μεν + 2-1-2 adjective endings

In other words, to form the PRESENT, FUTURE, or AORIST middle participle:

• simply add –μενος –μένη –μενον to the appropriate tense stem
• thematic (-ω) verbs add an –ο before these endings: –όμενος –ομένη –όμενον

The ACCENT for all middle participles:

• recedes to the ANTEPENULT when possible

Present Middle Thematic Participles

• λύω (S 383; GPH p. 187)
  • λυόμενος λυομένη λυόμενον

Future Middle Participles

• λύω (S 383; GPH p. 189)
  • λυσόμενος λυσομένη λυσόμενον

Middle Participles: Athematic Verbs

• δείκνυμι (S 418; GPH p. 217)
  • Present: δεικνύμενος -η -ον
• δίδωμι (S 416; GPH pp. 205, 207)
  • Present: διδόμενος -η –ον
  • Aorist: δόμενος -η –ον
• τίθημι (S 416; GPH pp. 213, 215)
  • Present: τιθέμενος -η -ον
  • Aorist: θέμενος -η –ον
• ἵστημι (S 416; GPH p. 209)
  • Present: ἱστάμενος -η -ον
  • Aorist: none
• ἵημι (S 777)
  • Present: ἱέμενος -η -ον
  • Aorist: ἕμενος -η –ον

Middle Participles: First Aorist

• λύω (S 383; GPH p. 192)
  • λυσάμενος λυσαμένη λυσάμενον

Middle Participles: Second Aorist Thematic

• λαμβάνω (S 384; GPH p. 194)
  • λαβόμενος λαβομένη λαβόμενον

– τὸ τέλος –