38
First Aorist Active Participle
The pattern to form the FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participle is:
- verb stem + σα + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of first aorist active participles:
- Masculine: (-σαντς→-σανς→) –σας
- Feminine: (-σαντσα→-σανσα→) –σασα
- Neuter: (-σαντ→) –σαν
In other words, to form the first aorist active participle, add the inflected athematic endings of ς, σα, ν to the aorist stem (i.e. verb stem + σα). As with present active participles:
- A σ is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE
- 1st declension endings for the FEMININE are ᾰ in the nom. and acc. sing.
- The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.
Finally, remember that only past tense INDICATIVE verbs receive an AUGMENT. Participles, like infinitives, receive no augment.
Having loosened: First Aorist Active Participle of λύω loosen (S 306; GPH, p. 191)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | λύσας | λύσασα | λῦσαν |
| Genitive | λύσαντος | λυσάσης | λύσαντος |
| κτλ |
Second Aorist Active Participle: Thematic
The pattern to form the SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participle is:
- verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
If the SECOND AORIST is THEMATIC, sound changes yield endings identical with the nominative singular of thematic present active participles:
-
- Masculine: (-οντς→-ονς→) –ων
- Feminine: (-οντσα→-ονσα→) –ουσα
- Neuter: (-οντ→) –ον
There are two differences between the ACTIVE THEMATIC participles of the PRESENT and the SECOND AORIST:
- Stem
- The PRESENT uses the PRESENT TENSE stem
- The SECOND AORIST uses the VERB stem
- Accent
- The PRESENT accents the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the TENSE STEM
- The SECOND AORIST accents the THEMATIC VOWEL sound
In other words, to form the second aorist active thematic participle, add –ών –οῦσα –όν to the verb stem.
Having taken: Second Aorist Active Participle of λαμβάνω take (S 305a; GPH, p. 193)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | λαβών | λαβοῦσα | λαβόν |
| Genitive | λαβόντος | λαβούσης | λαβόντος |
| κτλ |
Second Aorist Active Participle: Athematic
Athematic (-μι) second aorist verbs have no thematic vowel before the ντ marker. The result is the following pattern:
- verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
As with present active athematic participles, predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of athematic present active participles:
- Masculine: (-ντς→-νς→) –ς
- Feminine: (-ντσα→-νσα→) –σα
- Neuter: (-ντ→) –ν
In other words, for athematic verbs, simply add ς, σα, ν as an ending to the verb stem. Note that for δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, and ἵημι, the AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the REDUPLICATION in the present:
- διδούς/δούς
- τιθείς/θείς
- ἱστάς/στάς
- ἱείς/εἵς
Having given: Aorist Active Participle of δίδωμι give (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 206)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | δούς | δοῦσα | δόν |
| Genitive | δόντος | δούσης | δόντος |
| κτλ |
Having placed, made: Aorist Active Participle of τίθημι place, make (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 214)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | θείς | θεῖσα | θέν |
| Genitive | θέντος | θείσης | θέντος |
| κτλ |
Recall that ἵστημι has two aorists; the FIRST AORIST is TRANSITIVE, and the SECOND AORIST is INTRANSITIVE. Both aorists have their own participial forms:
Having stood (something up): First Aorist Active Participle of ἵστημι stand (S 306)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | στήσας | στήσασα | στῆσαν |
| Genitive | στήσαντος | στησάσης | στήσαντος |
| κτλ |
Having stood: Second Aorist Active Participle of ἵστημι stand (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 210)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | στάς | στᾶσα | στάν |
| Genitive | στάντος | στάσης | στάντος |
| κτλ |
Having thrown: Aorist Active Participle of ἵημι throw (S 777)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | εἵς | εἷσα | ἕν |
| Genitive | ἕντος | εἵσης | ἕντος |
| κτλ |
Summary of the Active Voice
To summarize, the patterns to form participles in the active voice are as follows:
Present Tense
- Athematic: present stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
- Thematic: present stem + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
Future Tense
- All Verbs: verb stem + σ + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
Aorist Tense
- First Aorist: verb stem + σα + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
- Second Aorist Thematic: verb stem + οντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
- Second Aorist Athematic: verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
Participles: Middle Voice
Middle Participles
The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:
- tense stem + μεν + 2-1-2 adjective endings
In other words, to form the PRESENT, FUTURE, or AORIST middle participle:
- simply add –μενος –μένη –μενον to the appropriate tense stem
- thematic (-ω) verbs add an –ο before these endings: –όμενος –ομένη –όμενον
The ACCENT for all middle participles:
- recedes to the ANTEPENULT when possible
Present Middle Thematic Participles
- λύω (S 383; GPH p. 187)
- λυόμενος λυομένη λυόμενον
Future Middle Participles
- λύω (S 383; GPH p. 189)
- λυσόμενος λυσομένη λυσόμενον
Middle Participles: Athematic Verbs
- δείκνυμι (S 418; GPH p. 217)
- Present: δεικνύμενος -η -ον
- δίδωμι (S 416; GPH pp. 205, 207)
- Present: διδόμενος -η –ον
- Aorist: δόμενος -η –ον
- τίθημι (S 416; GPH pp. 213, 215)
- Present: τιθέμενος -η -ον
- Aorist: θέμενος -η –ον
- ἵστημι (S 416; GPH p. 209)
- Present: ἱστάμενος -η -ον
- Aorist: none
- ἵημι (S 777)
- Present: ἱέμενος -η -ον
- Aorist: ἕμενος -η –ον
Middle Participles: First Aorist
- λύω (S 383; GPH p. 192)
- λυσάμενος λυσαμένη λυσάμενον
Middle Participles: Second Aorist Thematic
- λαμβάνω (S 384; GPH p. 194)
- λαβόμενος λαβομένη λαβόμενον
– τὸ τέλος –
Paradigms, Key Terms and Concepts
- Chapter Paradigms
- FIRST AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
- SECOND AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
- MIDDLE PARTICIPLES
Exercises
Ι. Fill in the blank.
1. FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participles are formed according to the following pattern:
- ______ stem + ______+ ______ adjective endings
- ______ declension endings for the MASCULINE and NEUTER
- ______ declension endings for the FEMININE (- ______ in the nom. and acc. sing.)
Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:
- Masculine: (-σαντς→-σανς→) – ______
- Feminine: (-σαντσα→-σανσα→) – ______
- Neuter: (-σαντ→) – ______
2. For thematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, the thematic vowel ______ is added before the ______ marker, producing the following pattern:
- ______ stem + ______ + ______ adjective endings
Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:
- Masculine: (-οντς→-ονς→) – ______
- Feminine: (-οντσα→-ονσα→) – ______
- Neuter: (-οντ→) – ______
There are two differences between thematic PRESENT and SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles:
- Stem
- The PRESENT uses the ____________ stem
- The SECOND AORIST uses the ____________ stem
- Accent
- The PRESENT accents the ____________ of the ____________
- The SECOND AORIST accents the ____________ sound
3. For athematic SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participles, no thematic vowel is added before the ______ marker. Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular:
- Masculine: (-ντς→-νς→) –______
- Feminine: (-ντσα→-νσα→) –______
- Neuter: (-ντ→) –______
For δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, and ἵημι, the AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the ____________ in the present.
4. The pattern for ALL PARTICIPLES in the MIDDLE voice is:
- ______ stem + ______ + ______ adjective endings
ΙΙ. Declining.
1. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the AORIST ACTIVE participle of
- κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα order
2. Provide the NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE SINGULAR, in all genders, of the PRESENT and AORIST MIDDLE participle of
- λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον take, receive
III. For each of the participial forms, identify the tense, voice, gender, number, and case. Note that there may be more than one possibility for each category.
- θύσας
- διδόμενον
- λιπόντες
- δόντας
- ἱστάμενος
- λεγόμενα
- θεμένη
- φυσαμένῳ