Acknowledgements and Attributions

This project was made possible by the support of faculty and staff at Goodwin University. Ashika Brinkley, former Program Director of Public Health and Health and Natural Sciences, and Paula Dowd, Dean of the School of Health Sciences and Nursing, advocated for an OER text aligned with the course outcomes and objectives of our Human Biology class. This led to course releases that provided the time necessary to complete the book. Dr. Marcie Stock provided advice on content coverage, while Dr. Vita Vernace provided proofreading and checked content.

The cover image, entitled “Diagrammatic Representation of the Circulation through the Heart and Body,” comes from Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene by Jerome Walker (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1900; Public Domain). Most images in this book are in the public domain or carry Creative Commons licenses. There are exceptions, however, and these are clearly noted in image captions. All images by fine artists are used by permission, are not openly licensed, and so may not be reused without first obtaining permission from the artists directly. Copyrights for these images and artists’ contact information are available in the caption for such images. I personally thank all of them for contributing to the quality of this text. Please consider supporting their elegant and evocative art.

This textbook is a “remix” of several different Open Educational Resources (OER) with additional original text. All additional material written by Cindy Seiwert carries a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 license.

Text and images sources include the following:

1. Course materials (listed below) from the Open Learning Initiative(OLI) of Carnegie Mellon University(CMU). These materials carry a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 license (CC BY-NC-SA). OLI-CMU offers online courses to anyone who wants to learn or teach.

• Anatomy & Physiology (Open + Free) was created by the Community College-Open Learning Initiative (CC-OLI) Project. Built with funding provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the Lumia Foundation, the CC-OLI project brought together teams of community college faculty content experts, learning scientists, human-computer interaction experts, and software engineers to make the best use of multidisciplinary knowledge for designing effective learning environments. The group also partnered with Words & Numbers through Connexions® for some of the content for the course.
• Modern Biology – (Open + Free). Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
• Introduction to Biology (Open + Free) Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

2. OpenStax College is a non-profit organization committed to improving student access to quality learning materials. Their free textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and meet the scope and sequence requirements of today’s college courses. Unlike traditional textbooks, OpenStax College resources live online and are owned by the community of educators using them. Through partnerships with companies and foundations committed to reducing student costs, OpenStax College is working to improve access to higher education for all and is an initiative of Rice University. To broaden access and encourage community curation, all Open Stax textbooks are “open source” licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license and are available for free online and in low-cost print and e-book editions.

• Human Biology is a textbook created utilizing OpenStax resources by Willy Cushwa (© Dec 1, 2015). Textbook content produced byWilly Cushwais licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The text may be downloaded free at http://cnx.org/contents/e5923bd5-daf5-4ea1-ac91-cf39e8478c9e@3.2
• Anatomy and Physiology: OpenStax by J. Gordon Betts, Tyler Junior College, Peter DeSaix, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Eddie Johnson, Central Oregon Community College, Jody E. Johnson, Arapahoe Community College, Oksana Korol, Aims Community College, Dean H. Kruse, Portland Community College, Brandon Poe, Springfield Technical Community College, James A. Wise, Hampton University, Kelly A. Young, California State University, Long Beach is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. This text can be downloaded for free at HTTP://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@10.1.
• Biology 2e, written by Mary Ann Clark, Texas Wesleyan University, Jung Choi, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Matthew Douglas, Grand Rapids Community College, is designed to cover the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester biology course for science majors. Available under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, the text may be downloaded for free at HTTP://cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b-4204-a71d-4826cba765b8@13.4.
• Chemistry: Atoms First, © Jun 25, 2018. Derived by a partnership between the University of Connecticut and UConn Undergraduate Student Government from Chemistry, OpenStax College. Available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Download for free at HTTP://cnx.org/contents/4539ae23-1ccc-421e-9b25-843acbb6c4b0@9.1.
• Microbiology for Allied Health Students, by Molly Smith and Sara Selby, South Georgia State College, is a remix of Openstax Microbiology, CC-BY 4.0, created through an Affordable Learning Georgia Round Six Textbook Transformation Grant.

3.CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes creating and distributing high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified, and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks).CK-12 is committed to providing free access to open-source content and technology tools that empower students and teachers to enhance and experiment with different learning styles, resources, levels of competence, and circumstances. All content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License. Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks.

• CK-12 Biology Advanced Concepts
• Human Anatomy and Physiology (Basic)
• Human Anatomy & Physiology – Honors
• USOE Human Anatomy, created by Ricky Scott
• CK-12 College Human Biology

4. Lumen Learning provides value-added OER textbooks. Materials were derived from the following texts:

• Boundless Biology with educational content originally curated by Boundless: In collaboration with the Boundless team, Lumen Learning imported these OER courses to the Lumen Platform to ensure they remained freely available to the education community after Boundless ceased operations. CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Biology for Majors II License: CC BY: Attribution Adapted from Biology. Provided by OpenStax CNX. Located at: HTTP://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8

5. Concepts of Biology—1st Canadian Edition was adapted by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair from the OpenStax College textbook, Concepts of Biology by Samantha Fowler, Clayton State University, Rebecca Roush, Sandhills Community College, and James Wise, Hampton University. This adaptation is a part of the B.C. Open Textbook project.

6. Additional material was derived from the following Wikibooks (open-content textbook collection). Texts are available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

• Human Physiology, by Wikibooks contributors © Copyright 2006–2007. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2, or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation
• Anatomy and Physiology of Animals by Ruth Lawson, D.Phil Otago Polytechnic (Dunedin, New Zealand). Available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.