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Instructional designers may be responsible for training faculty on the use of a newly integrated instructional media tool. Therefore, it is important that the instructional designer and faculty master the technology so they may guide students in the use of the new instructional tool. In this section, we will briefly discuss the importance of mastering the technology.
Learning Objectives
- Discuss the importance of mastering instructional technologies.
- Explain the benefits of mastering the technology for the instructional designer and the instructor.
Mastering the Media
An important aspect of selecting media is to ensure that the instructional designer and the instructor has mastered the media themselves. The TPACK framework developed by Mishra and Koehler is based on Lee Shulman’s concept of PCK Pedagogical Content Knowledge by adding technology. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge is the use of technology in teaching certain materials. Technology is considered important to be integrated in learning to respond to the challenges of the 21st century. Often, the instructional designer is responsible for training the instructor, and, in turn, the instructor will need to guide their students in the use of the media. Leaving a student unguided in the use of a new instructional technology, could be disastrous for the student and impede their learning.
Taking the time to be properly trained in how to use standard learning technologies will in the long run save you a good deal of time and will enable you to achieve a much wider range of educational goals than you would otherwise have imagined.
Here just a few commonly available learning technologies:
- learning managements systems (LMS) (such as Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, Canvas);
- synchronous technologies (such as Blackboard Collaborate, Adobe Connect, and Big Blue Button);
- lecture recording technologies (such as podcasts and lecture capture);
- tablets and mobile devices, such as iPads, mobile phones, and the apps that run on them;
- other social media, such as blogging software, wikis, Google Hangout, Google Docs, and Twitter;
- learner-generated tools, such as e-portfolios.
It is not necessary to use all or any of these tools, but if you do decide to use them, you need to know not only how to operate such such technologies well, but also their pedagogical strengths and weaknesses. Although the technologies listed above will change over time, the general principles discussed in this section will continue to apply to other new technologies as they become available
If your institution already has a learning management system such as Blackboard, Moodle, Canvas or Desire2Learn, use it. Don’t get drawn into arguments about whether or not it is the best tool. Frankly, in functional terms, there are few important differences between the main LMSs. You may prefer the interface of one rather than another, but this will be more than overwhelmed by the amount of effort trying to use a system not supported by your institution. LMSs are not perfect but they have evolved over the last 20 years and in general are relatively easy to use, both by you and more importantly by the students. They provide a useful framework for organizing your online teaching, and if the LMS is properly supported you can get help when needed. There is enough flexibility in a learning management system to allow you to teach in a variety of different ways. In particular, take the time to be properly trained in how to use the LMS. A couple of hours of training can save you many hours in trying to get it to work the way you want.
Think carefully about when it would be best to use synchronous rather than asynchronous online tools. Synchronous tools are useful when you want to get a group of students together at one time, but such synchronous tools tend to be instructor-dominated (delivering lectures and controlling the discussion). However, you could encourage students working in small teams on a project to use Collaborate or another synchronous tool to decide roles or to finalize the project assignment, for instance. On the other hand, asynchronous tools such as an LMS provide learners with more flexibility than synchronous tools, and enable them to work more independently (an important skill for students to develop).
These technologies can be deceptively easy to use, in the sense of getting started. They have been designed so that anyone without a computer science background can use them. However, over time they tend to become more sophisticated with a wide range of different functions. You won’t need to use all the functions, but it will help if you are aware that they exist, and what they can and can’t do. If you do want to use a particular feature, it is best to get training so that you can use it quickly and effectively.
Keep Current
New technologies keep arriving all the time. It is too difficult for any single teacher or instructor to keep up to date with newly emerging technologies and their possible relevance for teaching. This is really the job of any well-run learning technology support unit. So make the effort to attend a once-a-year briefing on new technologies, then follow-up with a further session on any tool that might be of interest.
This kind of briefing and training should be provided by the centre or unit that provides learning technology support. If your institution does not have such a unit, or such training, think very carefully about whether to use technology extensively in your teaching – even teachers and instructors with a lot of experience in using technology for teaching need such support.
Furthermore, new functions are constantly being added to existing tools. Thus a session spent learning the various features of your learning management system and how best to use them will be well worthwhile, even if you have been using it for some time, but didn’t have a full training on the system. Particularly important is knowing ow to integrate different technologies, such as online videos within an LMS, so that the technology appears seamless to students.
Lastly, don’t get locked into using only your favorite technology, and keeping a closed mind against anything else. It is is a natural tendency to try to protect the use of a technology that has taken a good deal of time and effort to master, especially if it has served you and your students well in the past, and new technology is not necessarily better for teaching than old technology. Nevertheless, game-changers do come along occasionally, and may well have educational benefits that were not previously considered. One tool is unlikely to do everything you need as a teacher; a well-chosen mix of tools is likely to be more effective. Keep an open mind and be prepared to make a shift if necessary.
Relating the Technology Training to How You Want to Teach
There are really two distinct but strongly related components of using technology:
- how the technology works; and
- what it should be used for.
These are tools built to assist you, so you have to be clear as to what you are trying to achieve with the tools. This is an instructional or pedagogical issue. Thus if you want to find ways to engage students, or to give them practice in developing skills, such as solving quadratic equations, learn what the strengths or weaknesses are of the various technologies for doing this.
When a new tool or a new feature is being described or demonstrated, think of how this might fit with or facilitate one of your teaching goals. But also be open to possibly changing your goals or methods to take advantage of a tool in enabling you to do something you had not thought of doing before. For example, an e-portfolio plug-in might lead you to change the way you assess students, so that learning outcomes are more ‘authentic’ and evidence-based than say with a written essay.
Lecture capture enable lectures to be recorded, stored and downloaded by students. So why bother to learn how to use other online technologies such as an LMS? Evidence-based research on the limitations of lectures was discussed. In brief, students in general don’t learn well online using recordings of ‘transmissive’ classroom lectures. Perhaps of equal importance, you are likely to end up doing more work because you are likely to be inundated with individual e-mails asking for clarification, or have a very high student failure rate, if you do not adapt the lecture to the online learning environment.
This is not to say that the occasional recording from you as the instructor would not be valuable. However, it is best to keep it to 10-15 minutes maximum, and it should add something unique to the course, such as being about your own research, or a guest professor being interviewed, or your relating a news item to issues or principles being studied in the course. It may even be better as an audio-only podcast, so students can concentrate on the words and possibly relate them to other learning materials, such as diagrams, graphics or animations on a web site.
If you must use lecture capture, think about structuring your in-class lecture so that it can be edited into separate sections of say 10-15 minutes. One way of doing this is pausing at an appropriate point to ask for questions from the classroom students, thus providing a clear ‘editing’ point for the video version. Then provide online work to follow up each of the recorded components, such as a topic for discussion on an online forum, some online student research or further reading on the topic.
However, in general, delivery of content is much better done through a learning management system, where it is permanent, organized and structured, available in discrete amounts, can be accessed at any time, and can be repeated as often as is needed by the learner. Or it may be even better to get students to find, analyse and organize content for themselves, in which case you may need other tools than an LMS, such as blog software such as WordPress, an e-portfolio or wiki. Again, the decision should be driven by pedagogical thinking, rather than trying to make one tool fit every circumstance.
Benefits of Mastering the Technology
Online learning technologies such as learning management systems have been designed to fit the online learning environment. This requires some adjustment and learning on the part of teachers and instructors whose primary experience is in classroom teaching.
Like any tool, the more you know about it the better you are likely to use it. Thus formal training on the technology is necessary but need not be onerous. Usually a total of two hours specific and well organized instruction should be sufficient on how to use any particular tool, such as a learning management or lecture capture system, e-portfolio or synchronous webinar tool, with a one hour review session every year.
The harder part will be figuring out how best to use the tools educationally. This requires you to bring a clear conception of how students best learn, what methods you need to match how students learn, and how to design such teaching through the use of learning technologies.
Key Terms
- Lecture capture enable lectures to be recorded, stored and downloaded by students.
- Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge is the use of technology in teaching certain materials.
Key Takeaways
- Often, the instructional designer is responsible for training the instructor, and, in turn, the instructor will need to guide their students in the use of the media. Leaving a student unguided in the use of a new instructional technology, could be disastrous for the student and impede their learning.
- Don’t get locked into using only your favorite technology, and keeping a closed mind against anything else. Game-changers do come along occasionally, and may well have educational benefits that were not previously considered.
- Like any tool, the more you know about it the better you are likely to use it. Thus formal training on the technology is necessary.
- Taking the time to be properly trained in how to use standard learning technologies will in the long run save you a good deal of time and will enable you to achieve a much wider range of educational goals than you would otherwise have imagined.
- Synchronous tools are useful when you want to get a group of students together at one time, but such synchronous tools tend to be instructor-dominated.
- Asynchronous tools such as an LMS provide learners with more flexibility than synchronous tools, and enable them to work more independently.
Exercises
- Imagine you are working as an instructional designer for a large hospital. The administrator has approached you and asked you to quickly design training material for nurses on the use of a new vital signs monitor. Apparently, the nurses are very frustrated with the new equipment and some are threatening to strike in an attempt to force the hospital to find a solution or reinstall the old monitors. The consequences of such a strike would be detrimental to the hospital and most importantly to the patience that need nursing care. Time is of the essence. First, you must master the technology yourself and then, you must quickly throw a training tutorial together. Discuss how you might approach the mastering of the equipment, and then, how you might go about training the nurses on the use of the equipment.
OER Derivative Licenses and Attributions
CC LICENSED CONTENT, ORIGINAL
Experiential Learning in Instructional Design and Technology, Chapter 5.1 Mastering the Technology. Provided by: the authors under an Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
This chapter contains an adaptation of Teaching in a Digital Age by Bates, A. W., and is used under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license.
This chapter also contains an adaptation of Education for a Digital World: Advice, Guidelines and Effective Practice from Around the Globe by BCcampus and the Commonwealth of Learning, and is used under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 International license.
This chapter also contains an adaptation of Developing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Animal Physiology by F Pusparini1, R Riandi1 and S Sriyati1 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
CC LICENSED CONTENT INCLUDED
License: Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) Attribution: Media Rich Learning by Lea Anne Daughrity