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Chapter 9: Energy Balance

 

“Don’t dig your grave with your own knife and fork.”

-English proverb

As you probably already know, the number of people who struggle with being overweight or obese has been rising steadily in the US and in many other countries around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity has nearly tripled since 1975. Worldwide about 39% of adults (almost 2 billion people) are overweight, 650 million of these are obese. Most of the world’s population live in countries where obesity kills more people than underweight.1 In the US, obesity rates are even higher. Obesity is complicated. Many factors increase or decrease the likelihood that a person will develop obesity. In this chapter you will learn how to assess body weight and fatness. You will also learn that it is not only society and environment that play a role in body weight and fatness, but also physiology, genetics, and behavior—and that all of them interact. We will discuss the health risks of being underweight and overweight, learn evidence-based solutions to maintain body weight at the individual level, and assess the current state of affairs of combating the obesity epidemic in the US.

Learning Objectives

  1. Define hyperplasia vs hypertrophy of adipose tissue and their implications for weight loss or gain.
  2. Describe the prevalence of obesity in the US and obesogenic environments.
  3. Be able to calculate and categorize body mass index (BMI) given a particular weight and height and discuss the limitations of using BMI.
  4. Name the methods of assessment and factors that affect body composition and body fat distribution and how these relate to overall health.
  5. Discuss energy balance and be able to calculate your estimated energy requirements (EER).
  6. Summarize the factors involved in today daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and the factors affecting basal metabolic rate (BMR).
  7. Summarize factors affecting energy intake and energy expenditure.
  8. Describe health risks associated with being overweight or obese.
  9. Explain the characteristics of successful weight management.
  10. Differentiate among the various forms of weight loss surgery.

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Nutrition Essentials Copyright © by Susan Kazen MS, MPH, RD and Megan Grimsley PhD, RD, LD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.