Glossary of Terms

mature cells found in adipose (fat) tissue - filled with a large storage sac of lipid. The lipid in these cells does not stain well with H&E staining, so the cells appear empty.

without prominent-staining cytoplasmic granules

without a nucleus

the exposed side of epithelial tissue

connective tissue connections between to muscle groups

cartilage that surrounds the articular surface of bones (surfaces where bone meets bone to form a joint). This cartilage decreases friction in movement and provides cushioning

two bones connecting to form a joint

without blood vessels

axon hillock of the cell body narrows to become the axon, which transmits electrical signals to the axon terminus to communicate with other cells

the anchored side of epithelial tissue

a thin layer of connective tissue that anchors the cells of epithelial tissues to the deeper structures of our body

narrow in the center and thicker on the edges, RBC's are biconcave or shaped like a donut (if the icing touched in the center)

extracellular matrix containing collagen, calcium-binding proteins, calcium and phosphate depositions

branched cells will resemble the letter Y. A branched cell may connect to one cell on one end, but two cells on the other end.

meaning "tiny canal"

contains nucleus and organelles and serves as the biosynthetic center of the cell (synthesizes biological molecules)

running the length of the osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves

mature cells found in cartilage that monitor and maintain the cartilage extracellular matrix

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

tightly coiled, condensed DNA wrapped around proteins

surface appendages found in some epithelial cells that move in a rhythmic manner to move mucous across the apical suface of the tissue

pinching or narrowing of the plasma membrane during cytokinesis

Collagen is a fibrous protein that has many structural types

a tall, rectangular cell with an egg-shaped nucleus

occurring with or simultaneous

a transverse section, cutting perpendicular to the length of a structure. If cutting a tubular structure, a cross section would produce a ring of tissue

a cube-shaped cell with a round nucleus

a network of blood vessels in the skin

occurring with mitosis, cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm resulting in two new cells

closer to the center, away from the surface

receive stimuli (signals/information) from environment or other neurons, which are conducted to the axon

the deepest region of the skin (underlying the epidermis), consisting of two layers: the papillary layer is areolar connective tissue and the reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue

cell junction that allows tissues to resist pulling and tearing

a long central shaft of a long bone, containing the medullary cavity surrounded by compact bone

secrete watery sweat that assists in thermoregulation (homeostasis of body temperature) and additionally secrete some waste products and provide some protection against microorganisms

provide elasticity to tissues - the ability to be pulled and recoil like a rubber band

The embryo has three major layers - endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.

connective tissue membrane lining the internal surfaces of bone

the specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of blood vessels

superficial region of the skin, -epi means above or upon (above/upon the dermis)

located in the larynx (throat), moves to prevent food from entering the trachea (airway) during swallowing

the end of a long bone, containing a core of spongy bone surrounded by an outer covering of compact bone

red blood cells, biconcave cells lacking a nucleus and organelles that contain ~250 million molecules of hemoglobin

structural proteins and surrounding ground substance

the fluid, macromolecules, and minerals that surround cells in our tissues, specifically connective tissues

cell type found in connective tissue that actively produces the proteins in the extracellular matrix

cell junction that allows passage of ions from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the neighboring cell. The flow of ions allows cardiac muscle tissue to communicate electrically.

cells that play an important role in supporting neurons and the nervous system

uni-cellular mucous-producing gland found in epithelium

contain prominent-staining cytoplasmic granules

consists of soluble proteins, nutrients, ions, waste products, dissolved gasses

hematoxylin and eosin staining protocol

Hematoxylin - purple/blue, stains nucleic acids (basophilic) - highlights nucleus and rough ER (ribosomes have RNA)
Eosin - pink, stains proteins (acidophilic) - highlights connective tissue proteins (collagen), plasma membrane, cytoplasm

nerve endings that wrap around the base of the hair follicle for sensation of touch

a dynamic (constantly adjusting) state of equilibrium

layer of connective tissue, primarily adipose tissue, located deep to the dermis

having nerve endings for sensory or motor function

specialized cell-to-cell connections in cardiac muscle tissue containing gap junctions and desmosomes

During Interphase the cell carries out normal functions, grows, and replicates its DNA

the fluid in between our cells

under sub-concious control, occurs without you thinking about it.

containing keratin, a structural protein found in skin, hair, and nails

A gap, cavity, or depression. Osteocytes (bone) and chondrocytes (cartilage) are found within lacunae.

sheets or layers

white blood cells, function in immune response

cut along the long axis of a tissue

the interior of a tube-shaped organ, like a blood vessel, kidney tubule, or intestines

a type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that is part of our adaptive immune system (i.e., B-cells and T-cells)

phagocytic cells that engulf (phagocytose) cellular debris or pathogens

pigment (melanin)-producing cells in the epidermis

loosely arranged connective tissue in the embryo that originates from the mesoderm

nuclear division that separates the replicated chromosomes resulting in two nuclei

cell that contains many nuclei

excitable cells that can receive and send electrical signals

granular substance in neuron cell body caused by the staining pattern of the rough ER

containing a nucleus

immature bone cells that deposit new bone matrix

mature cells in bone tissue that monitor and maintain the osseous tissue matrix

stem cells in bone that can form osteoblasts and osteocytes

the functional unit in compact bone, consisting of a central (Haversian) canal surrounded by concentric rings/layers of bone matrix called lamellae

superficial layer of the dermis, made of areolar connective tissue

connective tissue membrane lining the external surfaces (non-articular) of bone

located to the outside (peripheral)

running at right angles to the central canal, containing blood vessels and nerves

the fluid in blood, containing dissolved solutes such as: proteins, blood gasses (CO2 and O2), hormones, nutrients, waste products

fragments of a cell precursor (megakaryocytes) that function to stop bleeding of a damaged blood vessel

having two sides with different structural or functional characteristics.

the ability of a tissue to repair itself or to replace old cells with new cells

the ability of a tissue to repair or replenish itself

a specialized type of collagen that forms branching networks (branches on a tree) instead of long, linear strands

deep layer of the dermis, made of dense irregular connective tissue

mature cells found in reticular connective tissue, responsible for making reticular fibers

a structural support system

secretes sebum (oil) that helps lubricate the skin and protect against microorganisms

in epithelial tissues, a single layer of cells anchored to a basement membrane

means "body"

a scale-like, flattened cell with a disc-shaped nucleus

in epithelial tissues, a layer of two or more cells with the basal layer anchored to a basement membrane

perpendicular "striped" appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

closer to the surface

regulation of body temperature

plates/spikes of bone matrix found in spongy bone

containing a single (1) nucleus

containing blood vessels

under concious control - you can actively choose to move your skeletal muscles

a blastula is a sphere of cells produced during the development of a white fish embryo by repeated mitosis and cleavage of a fertilized egg